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Psychiatry Investig > Volume 19(9); 2022 > Article |
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Availability of Data and Material
The datasets generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
Kyu-Man Han, a contributing editor of the Psychiatry Investigation, was not involved in the editorial evaluation or decision to publish this article. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Jihoon Park, Kyu-Man Han, Woo-Suk Tae, Byung-Joo Ham. Data curation: Jihoon Park, Youbin Kang, Un-Beom Kang, Hyosub Chu, Byung-Joo Ham. Formal analysis: Jihoon Park, Youbin Kang, Un-Beom Kang, Hyosub Chu, Byung-Joo Ham. Funding acquisition: Byung-Joo Ham. Investigation: Jihoon Park, Youbin Kang, Kyu-Man Han, Woo-Suk Tae, Un-Beom Kang, Byung-Joo Ham. Methodology: Youbin Kang, Kyu-Man Han, Woo-Suk Tae, Un-Beom Kang, Hyosub Chu, Byung-Joo Ham. Project administration: Byung-Joo Ham. Resources: Un-Beom Kang, Byung-Joo Ham. Software: Woo-Suk Tae, Un-Beom Kang. Supervision: Youbin Kang, Kyu-Man Han, Woo-Suk Tae, Un-Beom Kang, Byung-Joo Ham. Validation: all authors. Visualization: Youbin Kang, Un-Beom Kang, Byung-Joo Ham. Writing—original draft: Jihoon Park, Un-Beom Kang, Byung-Joo Ham. Writing—review & editing: Jihoon Park, Youbin Kang, Kyu-Man Han, Woo-Suk Tae, Byung-Joo Ham.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF2020M3E5D9080792).
Characteristics | MDD (N=44) | HC (N=44) | Significance (p) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | 37.61±12.85 | 37.36±12.44 | 0.926 (t=0.093) |
Sex (F/M) | 30/14 | 31/13 | 0.817 (χ2=0.053) |
Education level | |||
Elementary and middle school | 1 | 7 | |
High school or college/university | 40 | 35 | 0.081 (χ2=5.033) |
Above graduate school | 3 | 2 | |
HDRS-17 score | 19.05±5.47 | 0.59±1.44 | <0.001 (t=21.636) |
Duration of illness (mon) | 50.66±90.05 | NA | NA |
Drug-naïve/medicated patients | 30/14 | NA | NA |
Medication (N) | 14 | NA | NA |
SSRI | 5 | ||
SNRI | 5 | ||
Other AD | 0 | ||
Combination of ADs | 4 | ||
C4BPA | 29.85±0.77 | 28.05±1.01 | 89.99* (p<0.001) |
C4BPB | 26.57±0.76 | 24.77±1.05 | 86.06* (p<0.001) |
Significance was examined using independent t-test, chi-squared test, and one-way analysis of covariance.
MDD, major depressive disorder; HC, healthy control; HDRS-17, 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; SNRI, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; combination of AD, combinations of two or more types of antidepressant; ADs, antidepressants; C4BPA, C4-binding protein alpha chain; C4BPB, C4-binding protein beta chain
WM tracts | MDD | HC | F value | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Forceps major | 0.589±0.027 | 0.594±0.041 | 1.574 | 0.213 |
Forceps minor | 0.475±0.036 | 0.493±0.038 | 0.619 | 0.433 |
L ATR | 0.420±0.034 | 0.425±0.028 | 4.310 | 0.041 |
L CAB | 0.378±0.052 | 0.376±0.032 | 10.597 | 0.002* |
L CCG | 0.564±0.043 | 0.568±0.036 | 0.485 | 0.488 |
L CST | 0.545±0.030 | 0.545±0.026 | 0.880 | 0.351 |
L ILF | 0.477±0.030 | 0.484±0.029 | 0.106 | 0.745 |
L SLFp | 0.429±0.024 | 0.441±0.027 | 0.122 | 0.727 |
L SLFt | 0.459±0.022 | 0.469±0.025 | 0.526 | 0.470 |
L UF | 0.426±0.031 | 0.436±0.027 | 1.523 | 0.221 |
R ATR | 0.419±0.034 | 0.424±0.032 | 0.329 | 0.568 |
R CAB | 0.411±0.051 | 0.401±0.042 | 2.225 | 0.139 |
R CCG | 0.582±0.037 | 0.571±0.047 | 2.153 | 0.146 |
R CST | 0.559±0.030 | 0.552±0.029 | 0.168 | 0.683 |
R ILF | 0.492±0.029 | 0.496±0.029 | 0.251 | 0.617 |
R SLFp | 0.447±0.028 | 0.453±0.030 | 0.121 | 0.729 |
R SLFt | 0.458±0.024 | 0.461±0.023 | 0.081 | 0.777 |
R UF | 0.450±0.037 | 0.454±0.025 | 4.337 | 0.040 |
Data are presented as mean±standard deviation. The F and p-values were obtained using one-way analysis of covariance adjusted for age and sex as covariates. The Bonferroni correction was applied in 18 WM tracts: 18 comparisons in both hemispheres, p<0.00278 (0.05/18).s
FA, fractional anisotropy; WM, white matter; MDD, major depressive disorder; HC, healthy control; L, left hemisphere; R, right hemisphere; ATR, anterior thalamic radiation; CAB, cingular-angulum bundle; CCG, cingulum-cingulate gyrus bundle; CST, corticospinal tract; ILF, inferior longitudinal fasciculus; SLFp, superior longitudinal fasciculus-parietal bundle; SLFt, superior longitudinal fasciculus-temporal bundle; UF, uncinate fasciculu
WM tracts |
C4BPA |
C4BPB |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | |
Forceps major | 0.089 | 0.582 | 0.116 | 0.471 |
Forceps minor | 0.214 | 0.179 | 0.193 | 0.227 |
L ATR | 0.125 | 0.435 | 0.124 | 0.441 |
L CAB | 0.042 | 0.793 | 0.033 | 0.837 |
L CCG | 0.342 | 0.029 | 0.336 | 0.032 |
L CST | 0.252 | 0.112 | 0.244 | 0.125 |
L ILF | 0.133 | 0.409 | 0.136 | 0.397 |
L SLFp | 0.166 | 0.301 | 0.176 | 0.271 |
L SLFt | 0.177 | 0.268 | 0.190 | 0.235 |
L UF | 0.302 | 0.055 | 0.274 | 0.083 |
R ATR | 0.125 | 0.435 | 0.127 | 0.430 |
R CAB | 0.048 | 0.767 | 0.046 | 0.774 |
R CCG | 0.496 | 0.001* | 0.444 | 0.004 |
R CST | 0.289 | 0.067 | 0.240 | 0.130 |
R ILF | 0.072 | 0.654 | 0.045 | 0.780 |
R SLFp | 0.167 | 0.298 | 0.182 | 0.256 |
R SLFt | 0.321 | 0.041 | 0.325 | 0.038 |
R UF | 0.179 | 0.263 | 0.131 | 0.413 |
The r and p-value were obtained using Pearson’s correlation analysis including covariates for age and sex. The Bonferroni correction was applied in 18 WM tracts: 18 comparisons in both hemispheres, p<0.00278 (0.05/18).
C4BPA, C4-binding protein alpha chain; C4BPB, C4-binding protein beta chain; FA, fractional anisotropy; WM, white matter; MDD, major depressive disorder; L, left hemisphere; R, right hemisphere; ATR, anterior thalamic radiation; CAB, cingular-angulum bundle; CCG, cingulum-cingulate gyrus bundle; CST, corticospinal tract; ILF, inferior longitudinal fasciculus; SLFp, superior longitudinal fasciculus-parietal terminations; SLFt, superior longitudinal fasciculus-temporal terminations; UF, uncinate fasciculus
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