1. Hemsley DR. Schizophrenia. A cognitive model and its implications for psychological intervention. Behav Modif 1996;20:139-169. PMID:
8934864.
2. Choi JS, Park JY, Jung MH, Jang JH, Kang DH, Jung WH, et al. Phase-specific brain change of spatial working memory processing in genetic and ultra-high risk groups of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. in press.
4. Friston KJ. The disconnection hypothesis. Schizophr Res 1998;30:115-125. PMID:
9549774.
5. Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Cizadlo T, Arndt S, Rezai K, Ponto LL, et al. Schizophrenia and cognitive dysmetria: a positron-emission tomography study of dysfunctional prefrontal-thalamic-cerebellar circuitry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:9985-9990. PMID:
8790444.
6. Stephan KE, Baldeweg T, Friston KJ. Synaptic plasticity and dysconnection in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59:929-939. PMID:
16427028.
7. Zalesky A, Fornito A, Seal ML, Cocchi L, Westin CF, Bullmore ET, et al. Disrupted axonal fiber connectivity in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2011;69:80-89. PMID:
21035793.
8. Akbarian S, Bunney WE Jr, Potkin SG, Wigal SB, Hagman JO, Sandman CA, et al. Altered distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase cells in frontal lobe of schizophrenics implies disturbances of cortical development. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:169-177. PMID:
7679891.
9. Yang Y, Fung SJ, Rothwell A, Tianmei S, Weickert CS. Increased interstitial white matter neuron density in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of people with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2011;69:63-70. PMID:
20974464.
10. Boksman K, Theberge J, Williamson P, Drost DJ, Malla A, Densmore M, et al. A 4.0-T fMRI study of brain connectivity during word fluency in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2005;75:247-263. PMID:
15885517.
11. Honey GD, Pomarol-Clotet E, Corlett PR, Honey RA, McKenna PJ, Bullmore ET, et al. Functional dysconnectivity in schizophrenia associated with attentional modulation of motor function. Brain 2005;128:2597-2611. PMID:
16183659.
12. Kim JJ, Kwon JS, Park HJ, Youn T, Kang DH, Kim MS, et al. Functional disconnection between the prefrontal and parietal cortices duringworking memory processing in schizophrenia: a[15(O)]H2O PET study. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:919-923. PMID:
12727696.
13. Adrian ED. Olfactory reactions in the brain of the hedgehog. J Physiol 1942;100:459-473. PMID:
16991539.
14. Womelsdorf T, Fries P, Mitra PP, Desimone R. Gamma-band synchronization in visual cortex predicts speed of change detection. Nature 2006;439:733-736. PMID:
16372022.
15. Fries P, Reynolds JH, Rorie AE, Desimone R. Modulation of oscillatory neuronal synchronization by selective visual attention. Science 2001;291:1560-1563. PMID:
11222864.
16. Verhoeven WM, van Ree JM, Westenberg HG, Krul JM, Brouwer GJ, Thijssen JH, et al. Clinical, biochemical, and hormonal aspects of treatment with Des-tyr1-gamma-endorphin in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1984;11:329-346. PMID:
6204351.
17. Kinoshita Y, Suzuki T, Ikeda M, Kitajima T, Yamanouchi Y, Inada T, et al. No association with the calcineurin A gamma subunit gene (PPP3 CC) haplotype to Japanese schizophrenia. J Neural Transm 2005;112:1255-1262. PMID:
15843870.
18. Tallon-Baudry C, Bertrand O, Peronnet F, Pernier J. Induced gamma-band activity during the delay of a visual short-term memory task in humans. J Neurosci 1998;18:4244-4254. PMID:
9592102.
19. Pesaran B, Pezaris JS, Sahani M, Mitra PP, Andersen RA. Temporal structure in neuronal activity during working memory in macaque parietal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2002;5:805-811. PMID:
12134152.
20. Leicht G, Karch S, Karamatskos E, Giegling I, Moller HJ, Hegerl U, et al. Alterations of the early auditory evoked gamma-band response in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: hints to a new intermediate phenotype. J Psychiatr Res 2011;45:699-705. PMID:
21067772.
21. Pulvermuller F. Hebb's concept of cell assemblies and the psychophysiology of word processing. Psychophysiology 1996;33:317-333. PMID:
8753932.
22. Ihara A, Kakigi R. Oscillatory activity in the occipitotemporal area related to the visual perception of letters of a first/second language and pseudoletters. Neuroimage 2006;29:789-796. PMID:
16209929.
23. Melloni L, Molina C, Pena M, Torres D, Singer W, Rodriguez E. Synchronization of neural activity across cortical areas correlates with conscious perception. J Neurosci 2007;27:2858-2865. PMID:
17360907.
24. Eckhorn R, Bauer R, Jordan W, Brosch M, Kruse W, Munk M, et al. Coherent oscillations: a mechanism of feature linking in the visual cortex? Multiple electrode and correlation analyses in the cat. Biol Cybern 1988;60:121-130. PMID:
3228555.
25. Enomoto T, Tse MT, Floresco SB. Reducing prefrontal gamma-aminobutyric acid activity induces cognitive, behavioral, and dopaminergic abnormalities that resemble schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2011;69:432-441. PMID:
21146155.
26. Bucci P, Mucci A, Merlotti E, Volpe U, Galderisi S. Induced gamma activity and event-related coherence in schizophrenia. Clin EEG Neurosci 2007;38:96-104. PMID:
17515175.
27. Funk AP, Epstein CM. Natural rhythm: evidence for occult 40 Hz gamma oscillation in resting motor cortex. Neurosci Lett 2004;371:181-184. PMID:
15519753.
28. Csicsvari J, Jamieson B, Wise KD, Buzsaki G. Mechanisms of gamma oscillations in the hippocampus of the behaving rat. Neuron 2003;37:311-322. PMID:
12546825.
29. Fell J, Klaver P, Lehnertz K, Grunwald T, Schaller C, Elger CE, et al. Hu-man memory formation is accompanied by rhinal-hippocampal coupling and decoupling. Nat Neurosci 2001;4:1259-1264. PMID:
11694886.
30. Hirai N, Uchida S, Maehara T, Okubo Y, Shimizu H. Enhanced gamma (30-150 Hz) frequency in the human medial temporal lobe. Neuroscience 1999;90:1149-1155. PMID:
10338285.
31. Whittington MA, Traub RD, Jefferys JG. Synchronized oscillations in interneuron networks driven by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. Nature 1995;373:612-615. PMID:
7854418.
32. Cobb SR, Buhl EH, Halasy K, Paulsen O, Somogyi P. Synchronization of neuronal activity in hippocampus by individual GABAergic interneurons. Nature 1995;378:75-78. PMID:
7477292.
33. Jones EG. GABAergic neurons and their role in cortical plasticity in primates. Cereb Cortex 1993;3:361-372. PMID:
8260806.
34. Benes FM, Berretta S. GABAergic interneurons: implications for understanding schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001;25:1-27. PMID:
11377916.
35. Bartos M, Vida I, Jonas P. Synaptic mechanisms of synchronized gamma oscillations in inhibitory interneuron networks. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007;8:45-56. PMID:
17180162.
36. Kawaguchi Y, Katsumaru H, Kosaka T, Heizmann CW, Hama K. Fast spiking cells in rat hippocampus (CA1 region) contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin. Brain Res 1987;416:369-374. PMID:
3304536.
37. Sohal VS, Zhang F, Yizhar O, Deisseroth K. Parvalbumin neurons and gamma rhythms enhance cortical circuit performance. Nature 2009;459:698-702. PMID:
19396159.
38. Gray CM, McCormick DA. Chattering cells: superficial pyramidal neurons contributing to the generation of synchronous oscillations in the visual cortex. Science 1996;274:109-113. PMID:
8810245.
39. Traub RD, Kopell N, Bibbig A, Buhl EH, LeBeau FE, Whittington MA. Gap junctions between interneuron dendrites can enhance synchrony of gamma oscillations in distributed networks. J Neurosci 2001;21:9478-9486. PMID:
11717382.
40. Sweet RA, Bergen SE, Sun Z, Sampson AR, Pierri JN, Lewis DA. Pyramidal cell size reduction in schizophrenia: evidence for involvement of auditory feedforward circuits. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55:1128-1137. PMID:
15184031.
41. Sweet RA, Bergen SE, Sun Z, Marcsisin MJ, Sampson AR, Lewis DA. Anatomical evidence of impaired feedforward auditory processing in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61:854-864. PMID:
17123477.
42. Coyle JT. The GABA-glutamate connection in schizophrenia: which is the proximate cause? Biochem Pharmacol 2004;68:1507-1514. PMID:
15451393.
43. Lisman JE, Coyle JT, Green RW, Javitt DC, Benes FM, Heckers S, et al. Circuit-based framework for understanding neurotransmitter and risk gene interactions in schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci 2008;31:234-242. PMID:
18395805.
44. Halberstadt AL. The phencyclidine-glutamate model of schizophrenia. Clin Neuropharmacol 1995;18:237-249. PMID:
8635182.
45. Hashimoto K, Fukushima T, Shimizu E, Komatsu N, Watanabe H, Shinoda N, et al. Decreased serum levels of D-serine in patients with schizophrenia: evidence in support of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:572-576. PMID:
12796220.
46. Akbarian S, Kim JJ, Potkin SG, Hagman JO, Tafazzoli A, Bunney WE Jr, et al. Gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase is reduced without loss of neurons in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:258-266. PMID:
7702443.
47. Woo TU, Walsh JP, Benes FM. Density of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 messenger RNA-containing neurons that express the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2A in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:649-657. PMID:
15237077.
48. Ohnuma T, Augood SJ, Arai H, McKenna PJ, Emson PC. Measurement of GABAergic parameters in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: focus on GABA content, GABA(A) receptor alpha-1 subunit messenger RNA and human GABA transporter-1 (HGAT-1) messenger RNA expression. Neuroscience 1999;93:441-448. PMID:
10465426.
49. Pierri JN, Chaudry AS, Woo TU, Lewis DA. Alterations in chandelier neuron axon terminals in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1709-1719. PMID:
10553733.
50. Zhang ZJ, Reynolds GP. A selective decrease in the relative density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2002;55:1-10. PMID:
11955958.
51. Crespo-Facorro B, Paradiso S, Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Watkins GL, Boles Ponto LL, et al. Recalling word lists reveals "cognitive dysmetria" in schizophrenia: a positron emission tomography study. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:386-392. PMID:
10080553.
52. Hashimoto T, Bazmi HH, Mirnics K, Wu Q, Sampson AR, Lewis DA. Conserved regional patterns of GABA-related transcript expression in the neocortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:479-489. PMID:
18281411.
53. Keilhoff G, Becker A, Grecksch G, Wolf G, Bernstein HG. Repeated application of ketamine to rats induces changes in the hippocampal expression of parvalbumin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase and cFOS similar to those found in human schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2004;126:591-598. PMID:
15183509.
54. Cochran SM, Kennedy M, McKerchar CE, Steward LJ, Pratt JA, Morris BJ. Induction of metabolic hypofunction and neurochemical deficits after chronic intermittent exposure to phencyclidine: differential modulation by antipsychotic drugs. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28:265-275. PMID:
12589379.
55. Picton TW, John MS, Dimitrijevic A, Purcell D. Human auditory steady-state responses. Int J Audiol 2003;42:177-219. PMID:
12790346.
56. Galambos R. Tactile and auditory stimuli repeated at high rates (30-50 per sec) produce similar event related potentials. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982;388:722-728. PMID:
6953908.
57. Galambos R, Makeig S. Physiological studies of central masking in man. I: The effects of noise on the 40-Hz steady-state response. J Acoust Soc Am 1992;92:2683-2690. PMID:
1479130.
58. Capilla A, Pazo-Alvarez P, Darriba A, Campo P, Gross J. Steady-state visual evoked potentials can be explained by temporal superposition of transient event-related responses. PLoS One 2011;6:e14543PMID:
21267081.
59. Ross B, Herdman AT, Pantev C. Stimulus induced desynchronization of human auditory 40-Hz steady-state responses. J Neurophysiol 2005;94:4082-4093. PMID:
16107530.
60. Kwon JS, O'Donnell BF, Wallenstein GV, Greene RW, Hirayasu Y, Nestor PG, et al. Gamma frequency-range abnormalities to auditory stimulation in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:1001-1005. PMID:
10565499.
62. Kiren T, Aoyagi M, Furuse H, Koike Y. An experimental study on the generator of amplitude-modulation following response. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1994;511:28-33. PMID:
8203239.
63. Kuwada S, Anderson JS, Batra R, Fitzpatrick DC, Teissier N, D'Angelo WR. Sources of the scalp-recorded amplitude-modulation following response. J Am Acad Audiol 2002;13:188-204. PMID:
12025895.
64. Tsuzuku T. 40-Hz steady state response in awake cats after bilateral chronic lesions in auditory cortices or inferior colliculi. Auris Nasus Larynx 1993;20:263-274. PMID:
8172538.
65. Vohs JL, Chambers RA, Krishnan GP, O'Donnell BF, Berg S, Morzo-rati SL. GABAergic modulation of the 40 Hz auditory steady-state response in a rat model of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010;13:487-497. PMID:
19627651.
66. Light GA, Hsu JL, Hsieh MH, Meyer-Gomes K, Sprock J, Swerdlow NR, et al. Gamma band oscillations reveal neural network cortical coherence dysfunction in schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60:1231-1240. PMID:
16893524.
67. Hong LE, Summerfelt A, McMahon R, Adami H, Francis G, Elliott A, et al. Evoked gamma band synchronization and the liability for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2004;70:293-302. PMID:
15329305.
68. Chatrian GE, Bickford RG, Uihlein A. Depth electrographic study of a fast rhythm evoked from the human calcarine region by steady illumination. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1960;12:167-176. PMID:
13809431.
69. Gray CM, Konig P, Engel AK, Singer W. Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature 1989;338:334-337. PMID:
2922061.
70. Engel AK, Kreiter AK, Konig P, Singer W. Synchronization of oscillatory neuronal responses between striate and extrastriate visual cortical areas of the cat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991;88:6048-6052. PMID:
2068083.
71. Lutzenberger W, Pulvermuller F, Elbert T, Birbaumer N. Visual stimulation alters local 40-Hz responses in humans: an EEG-study. Neurosci Lett 1995;183:39-42. PMID:
7746482.
72. Krishnan GP, Skosnik PD, Vohs JL, Busey TA, O'Donnell BF. Relationship between steady-state and induced gamma activity to motion. Neuroreport 2005;16:625-630. PMID:
15812321.
73. Tallon C, Bertrand O, Bouchet P, Pernier J. Gamma-range activity evoked by coherent visual stimuli in humans. Eur J Neurosci 1995;7:1285-1291. PMID:
7582101.
74. Tallon-Baudry C, Bertrand O, Delpuech C, Pernier J. Stimulus specificity of phase-locked and non-phase-locked 40 Hz visual responses in human. J Neurosci 1996;16:4240-4249. PMID:
8753885.
75. Kaiser J, Buhler M, Lutzenberger W. Magnetoencephalographic gamma-band responses to illusory triangles in humans. Neuroimage 2004;23:551-560. PMID:
15488404.
76. Reinhart RM, Mathalon DH, Roach BJ, Ford JM. Relationships between pre-stimulus gamma power and subsequent P300 and reaction time breakdown in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol 2011;79:16-24. PMID:
20816708.
77. Shin YW, Krishnan G, Hetrick WP, Brenner CA, Shekhar A, Malloy FW, et al. Increased temporal variability of auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia and Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Schizophr Res 2010;124:110-118. PMID:
20817485.
78. Spencer KM, Nestor PG, Niznikiewicz MA, Salisbury DF, Shenton ME, McCarley RW. Abnormal neural synchrony in schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2003;23:7407-7411. PMID:
12917376.
79. Uhlhaas PJ, Linden DE, Singer W, Haenschel C, Lindner M, Maurer K, et al. Dysfunctional long-range coordination of neural activity during Gestalt perception in schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2006;26:8168-8175. PMID:
16885230.
80. Tallon-Baudry C, Bertrand O, Delpuech C, Permier J. Oscillatory gamma-band (30-70 Hz) activity induced by a visual search task in humans. J Neurosci 1997;17:722-734. PMID:
8987794.
81. Gruber T, Muller MM, Keil A, Elbert T. Selective visual-spatial attention alters induced gamma band responses in the human EEG. Clin Neurophysiol 1999;110:2074-2085. PMID:
10616112.
82. Kissler J, Muller MM, Fehr T, Rockstroh B, Elbert T. MEG gamma band activity in schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects in a mental arithmetic task and at rest. Clin Neurophysiol 2000;111:2079-2087. PMID:
11068245.
83. Haenschel C, Bittner RA, Waltz J, Haertling F, Wibral M, Singer W, et al. Cortical oscillatory activity is critical for working memory as revealed by deficits in early-onset schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2009;29:9481-9489. PMID:
19641111.
84. Cho RY, Konecky RO, Carter CS. Impairments in frontal cortical gamma synchrony and cognitive control in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:19878-19883. PMID:
17170134.
85. Basar-Eroglu C, Brand A, Hildebrandt H, Karolina Kedzior K, Mathes B, Schmiedt C. Working memory related gamma oscillations in schizophrenia patients. Int J Psychophysiol 2007;64:39-45. PMID:
16962192.
86. Minzenberg MJ, Firl AJ, Yoon JH, Gomes GC, Reinking C, Carter CS. Gamma oscillatory power is impaired during cognitive control independent of medication status in first-episode schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:2590-2599. PMID:
20827271.
87. Haig AR, Gordon E, De Pascalis V, Meares RA, Bahramali H, Harris A. Gamma activity in schizophrenia: evidence of impaired network binding? Clin Neurophysiol 2000;111:1461-1468. PMID:
10904228.
88. Gallinat J, Winterer G, Herrmann CS, Senkowski D. Reduced oscillatory gamma-band responses in unmedicated schizophrenic patients indicate impaired frontal network processing. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115:1863-1874. PMID:
15261865.
89. Yeragani VK, Cashmere D, Miewald J, Tancer M, Keshavan MS. Decreased coherence in higher frequency ranges (beta and gamma) between central and frontal EEG in patients with schizophrenia: A preliminary report. Psychiatry Res 2006;141:53-60. PMID:
16343645.
90. Symond MP, Harris AW, Gordon E, Williams LM. "Gamma synchrony" in first-episode schizophrenia: a disorder of temporal connectivity? Am J Psychiatr 2005;162:459-465. PMID:
15741462.
91. Spencer KM, Niznikiewicz MA, Shenton ME, McCarley RW. Sensory-evoked gamma oscillations in chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63:744-747. PMID:
18083143.
92. Leicht G, Kirsch V, Giegling I, Karch S, Hantschk I, Moller HJ, et al. Reduced early auditory evoked gamma-band response in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2010;67:224-231. PMID:
19765689.
94. Krishnan GP, Hetrick WP, Brenner CA, Shekhar A, Steffen AN, O'Donnell BF. Steady state and induced auditory gamma deficits in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2009;47:1711-1719. PMID:
19371786.
95. Lee KH, Williams LM, Haig A, Gordon E. "Gamma (40 Hz) phase synchronicity" and symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2003;8:57-71. PMID:
16571550.
96. Spencer KM, Nestor PG, Perlmutter R, Niznikiewicz MA, Klump MC, Frumin M, et al. Neural synchrony indexes disordered perception and cognition in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:17288-17293. PMID:
15546988.
97. Spencer KM, Salisbury DF, Shenton ME, McCarley RW. Gamma-band auditory steady-state responses are impaired in first episode psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 2008;64:369-375. PMID:
18400208.
98. Uhlhaas PJ, Singer W. Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010;11:100-113. PMID:
20087360.
99. Womelsdorf T, Schoffelen JM, Oostenveld R, Singer W, Desimone R, Engel AK, et al. Modulation of neuronal interactions through neuronal synchronization. Science 2007;316:1609-1612. PMID:
17569862.
100. Fries P. A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: neuronal communication through neuronal coherence. Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9:474-480. PMID:
16150631.
101. Atallah BV, Scanziani M. Instantaneous modulation of gamma oscillation frequency by balancing excitation with inhibition. Neuron 2009;62:566-577. PMID:
19477157.