Psychiatry Investig > Volume 21(1); 2024 > Article |
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Availability of Data and Material
The data underlying this present research will be made available upon request. To request data, please email the Faculty of Medicine at University of São Paulo’s Ethics Board (email: cappesq@hcnet.usp.br). The data has not been uploaded in a public repository.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Sheila Rejane Niskier, Hermano Tavares. Data curation: Sheila Rejane Niskier. Formal analysis: Hermano Tavares, Hyoun S. Kim. Investigation: Sheila Rejane Niskier, Maria Sylvia de Souza Vitalle, Thiago T. da Silva. Methodology: Sheila Rejane Niskier, Hermano Tavares. Software: Hermano Tavares. Validation: Sheila Rejane Niskier, Hermano Tavares. Writing—original draft: Sheila Rejane Niskier, Lindsey A. Snayshuk. Writing—review & editing: Hermano Tavares, Hyoun S. Kim, Sheila Rejane Niskier, Lindsey A. Snaychuk.
Funding Statement
None
Characteristics | Boys | Girls | Total | Statistics | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | 13.3±2.1 | 81 | 14.1±2.3 | 98 | 13.7±2.3 | 179 | U=3.2† | 0.027* |
Years of education (yr) | 7.5±2.1 | 76 | 8.7±2.1 | 93 | 8.2±2.2 | 169 | U=2.5† | 0.001* |
Religious affiliation | χ2[2]=2.154‡ | 0.341 | ||||||
Some practice | - | 66 (68.8) | - | 52 (65.8) | - | 118 (67.4) | ||
No religion | - | 8 (8.3) | - | 12 (15.2) | - | 20 (11.4) | ||
Affiliated but lapsed | - | 22 (22.9) | - | 15 (19.0) | - | 37 (21.1) | ||
Weight (kg) | 61.0±21.4 | 70 | 56.3±17.2 | 85 | 58.5±19.3 | 155 | t=-1.526§ | 0.129 |
Height (m) | 1.6±0.1 | 64 | 1.6±0.1 | 78 | 1.6±0.1 | 142 | t=-1.919§ | 0.058 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.2±6.7 | 62 | 22.3±5.9 | 77 | 23.1±6.3 | 139 | t=-0.213§ | 0.831 |
Chronic disease | - | 30 (37.0) | - | 37 (38.1) | - | 67 (37.6) | χ2[1]=0.023‡ | 0.879 |
Internet Addiction Test (score range: 0-100) | 27.2±15.1 | 81 | 26.6±16.9 | 99 | 26.9±16.1 | 180 | t=-0.249§ | 0.804 |
Characteristics | Boys | Girls | Total | Statistics | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of hours per day watching TV | U=3,781.5† | 0.705 | |||
None | 12 (15.4) | 17 (18.1) | 29 (16.9) | ||
1-2 h/d | 33 (42.3) | 44 (46.8) | 77 (44.8) | ||
3-4 h/d | 29 (37.2) | 19 (20.2) | 48 (27.9) | ||
≥5 h/d | 4 (5.1) | 14 (14.9) | 18 (10.5) | ||
Watches TV during meals | U=4,568.0† | 0.086 | |||
Does not | 17 (21.0) | 26 (26.3) | 43 (23.9) | ||
Sometimes | 35 (43.2) | 50 (50.5) | 85 (47.2) | ||
Frequently | 13 (16.0) | 12 (12.1) | 25 (13.9) | ||
Always | 16 (19.8) | 11 (11.1) | 27 (15.0) | ||
Number of hours per day using mobile phone | U=3,408.0† | 0.415 | |||
None | 1 (1.3) | 8 (8.4) | 9 (5.2) | ||
1-2 h/d | 24 (31.2) | 25 (26.3) | 49 (28.5) | ||
3-4 h/d | 26 (33.8) | 15 (15.8) | 41 (23.8) | ||
≥5 h/d | 26 (33.8) | 47 (49.5) | 73 (42.4) | ||
Use of mobile during meals | U=3,387.0† | 0.057 | |||
No | 39 (48.1) | 34 (34.3) | 73 (40.6) | ||
Sometimes | 27 (33.3) | 37 (37.4) | 64 (35.6) | ||
Often | 9 (11.1) | 21 (21.2) | 30 (16.7) | ||
Always | 6 (7.4) | 7 (7.1) | 13 (7.2) | ||
Number of hours per day playing videogames | U=5,622.0† | <0.001* | |||
None | 27 (35.1) | 84 (91.3) | 111 (65.7) | ||
1-2 h/d | 28 (36.4) | 8 (8.7) | 36 (21.3) | ||
3-4 h/d | 19 (24.7) | 0 | 19 (11.2) | ||
≥5 h/d | 3 (3.9) | 0 | 3 (1.8) | ||
Number of hours per day using the computer | U=3,444.0† | 0.834 | |||
None | 42 (54.5) | 47 (51.6) | 89 (53.0) | ||
1-2 h/d | 23 (29.9) | 32 (35.2) | 55 (32.7) | ||
3-4 h/d | 9 (11.7) | 7 (7.7) | 16 (9.5) | ||
≥5 h/d | 3 (3.9) | 5 (5.5) | 8 (4.8) | ||
Number of hours per day using tablets | U=3,390.0† | 0.905 | |||
None | 62 (83.8) | 77 (84.6) | 139 (84.2) | ||
1-2 h/d | 10 (13.5) | 11 (12.1) | 21 (12.7) | ||
3-4 h/d | 2 (2.7) | 2 (2.2) | 4 (2.4) | ||
≥5 h/d | 0 | 1 (1.1) | 1 (0.6) | ||
What do you use your Internet for? | |||||
To enter social networks | 36 (44.4) | 54 (55.1) | 90 (50.3) | χ2[1]=2.02‡ | 0.156 |
To play video games | 49 (60.5) | 27 (27.6) | 76 (42.5) | χ2[1]=19.70‡ | <0.001* |
To chat | 21 (25.9) | 54 (55.1) | 75 (41.9) | χ2[1]=15.06‡ | <0.001* |
Other activities | 16 (19.8) | 26 (26.5) | 42 (23.5) | χ2[1]=1.13‡ | 0.287 |
Characteristics | Boys (N=81) | Girls (N=99) | Total (N=180) | Statistics | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regular practice of sports | 53 (65.4) | 42 (42.4) | 95 (52.8) | χ2[1]=9.462‡ | 0.002* |
Sports hours per week | U=5,019.5† | 0.002* | |||
<1 h/wk | 29 (35.8) | 57 (57.6) | 86 (47.8) | ||
1-2 h/wk | 27 (33.3) | 28 (28.3) | 55 (30.6) | ||
3-4 h/wk | 12 (14.8) | 6 (6.1) | 18 (10.0) | ||
5-6 h/wk | 7 (8.6) | 2 (2.0) | 9 (5.0) | ||
>6 h/wk | 6 (7.4) | 6 (6.1) | 12 (6.7) | ||
Regular practice of other extracurricular activities | 33 (41.8) | 36 (37.1) | 69 (39.2) | χ2[1]=0.396‡ | 0.529 |
Has a girlfriend/boyfriend | 5 (6.6) | 18 (18.9) | 23 (13.5) | χ2[1]=5.548‡ | 0.018* |
Friends’ companion during afterschool hours | U=3,767.5† | 0.642 | |||
Alone, most of the time | 27 (33.8) | 25 (25.5) | 52 (29.2) | ||
Usually with one friend | 14 (17.5) | 20 (20.4) | 34 (19.1) | ||
Usually with two friends | 9 (11.3) | 20 (20.4) | 29 (16.3) | ||
Three or more friends | 30 (37.5) | 33 (33.7) | |||
Neglects extracurricular activities for screen time | U=4,220.0† | 0.337 | |||
No | 38 (47.5) | 54 (55.1) | 92 (51.7) | ||
Sometimes | 25 (31.3) | 28 (28.6) | 53 (29.8) | ||
Often | 13 (16.3) | 8 (8.2) | 21 (11.8) | ||
Always | 4 (5.0) | 8 (8.2) | 12 (6.7) | ||
Alcohol drinking per week | U=1,746.0† | 0.228 | |||
Never | 51 (94.4) | 61 (88.4) | 112 (91.1) | ||
Sometimes | 3 (5.6) | 5 (7.2) | 8 (6.5) | ||
Always | 0 | 3 (4.3) | 3 (2.4) | ||
Has already tried drugs (any other than alcohol) | 0 | 3 (4.4) | 3 (2.4) | - | 0.252 |
Gender (1=girl; 2=boy) | Wald’s χ2 | p | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of hours per day playing videogames | 21.033 | <0.001* | 27.103 | 6.616 to 111.031 |
Uses the Internet to play games | 5.748 | 0.017* | 0.226 | 0.067 to 0.762 |
Uses the Internet to chat with friends | 6.094 | 0.014* | 4.507 | 1.364 to 14.893 |
Constant | 13.639 | <0.001* | - | - |
† final model information: χ2[4]=83.071, p<0.001, R2 Nagelkerke=0.668, height and years of education entered the initial model to control for differences in the demographic and clinical profiles between girls and boys, only height remained in the final model (χ2=9.626, p=0.002). CI, confidence interval
Characteristics | N | IAT score | Statistics | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chronic disease | t=-2.093† | 0.038* | ||
Yes | 67 | 23.7±15.7 | ||
No | 111 | 28.8±16.1 | ||
Regular engagement with sports | t=2.113† | 0.036* | ||
Yes | 95 | 24.5±14.5 | ||
No | 85 | 29.5±17.4 | ||
Alcohol drinking per week | F[2]=3.0‡ | 0.055 | ||
Never | 112 | 26.0±16.4 | ||
Sometimes | 8 | 23.3±9.2 | ||
Always | 3 | 47.7±18.9 | ||
Number of hours per day watching TV | F[3]=3.5‡ | 0.017* | ||
None | 29 | 22.9±12.0 | ||
1-2 h/d | 77 | 25.2±17.0 | ||
3-4 h/d | 48 | 27.1±15.2 | ||
≥5 h/d | 18 | 37.3±17.2 | ||
Watches TV during meals | F[3]=4.0‡ | 0.009* | ||
Does not | 43 | 23.3±14.4 | ||
Sometimes | 85 | 24.6±14.7 | ||
Frequently | 25 | 30.8±16.7 | ||
Always | 27 | 35.9±18.8 | ||
Number of hours per day using mobile phone | F[3]=6.7‡ | <0.001* | ||
None | 9 | 15.2±14.9 | ||
1-2 h/d | 49 | 21.1±15.4 | ||
3-4 h/d | 41 | 26.9±12.9 | ||
≥5 h/d | 73 | 32.9±16.4 | ||
Use of mobile during meals | F[3]=14.4‡ | <0.001* | ||
Does not | 73 | 22.1±14.1 | ||
Sometimes | 64 | 23.9±13.5 | ||
Frequently | 30 | 36.5±14.6 | ||
Always | 13 | 46.0±19.5 | ||
Number of hours per day playing videogames | F[3]=5.3‡ | 0.002* | ||
None | 111 | 25.3±16.2 | ||
1-2 h/d | 36 | 23.8±10.3 | ||
3-4 h/d | 19 | 31.8±19.8 | ||
≥5 h/d | 3 | 56.7±10.1 | ||
Number of hours per day using the computer | F[3]=8.7‡ | <0.001* | ||
None | 89 | 24.3±14.0 | ||
1-2 h/d | 55 | 23.7±16.0 | ||
3-4 h/d | 16 | 42.6±17.4 | ||
≥5 h/d | 8 | 35.9±15.7 | ||
Uses Internet for social networking | t=-2.843† | 0.005* | ||
Yes | 90 | 30.2±16.8 | ||
No | 89 | 23.5±14.7 | ||
Neglects extracurricular activities to stay online | F[3]=10.6‡ | <0.001* | ||
No | 92 | 21.6±15.0 | ||
Sometimes | 53 | 29.4±13.1 | ||
Often | 21 | 33.8±14.2 | ||
Always | 12 | 44.1±22.1 |
Transitions in Problematic Internet Use: A One-Year Longitudinal Study of Boys2019 June;16(6)