1. Kessler RC. Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61(Suppl 5):4–12. PMID:
10761674.
2. Peri T, Ben-Shakhar G, Orr SP, Shalev AY. Psychophysiologic assessment of aversive conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2000;47:512–519. PMID:
10715357.
3. Shalev AY, Peri T, Gelpin E, Orr SP, Pitman RK. Psychophysiologic assessment of mental imagery of stressful events in Israeli civilian posttraumatic stress disorder patients. Compr Psychiatry 1997;38:269–273. PMID:
9298319.
4. Murburg MM, McFall ME, Lewis N, Veith RC. Plasma norepinephrine kinetics in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1995;38:819–825. PMID:
8750041.
5. Porges SW. The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system. Int J Psychophysiol 2001;42:123–146. PMID:
11587772.
6. Rottenberg J. Cardiac vagal control in depression: a critical analysis. Biol Psychol 2007;74:200–211. PMID:
17045728.
7. Shaikh al arab A, Guedon-Moreau L, Ducrocq F, Molenda S, Duhem S, Salleron J, et al. Temporal analysis of heart rate variability as a predictor of post traumatic stress disorder in road traffic accidents survivors. J Psychiatr Res 2012;46:790–796. PMID:
22425487.
8. Mitani S, Fujita M, Sakamoto S, Shirakawa T. Effect of autogenic training on cardiac autonomic nervous activity in high-risk fire service workers for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychosom Res 2006;60:439–444. PMID:
16650583.
9. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation 1996;93:1043–1065. PMID:
8598068.
10. Cohen H, Kotler M, Matar MA, Kaplan Z, Loewenthal U, Miodownik H, et al. Analysis of heart rate variability in posttraumatic stress disorder patients in response to a trauma-related reminder. Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:1054–1059. PMID:
9821570.
11. Cohen H, Kotler M, Matar MA, Kaplan Z, Miodownik H, Cassuto Y. Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. Biol Psychiatry 1997;41:627–629. PMID:
9046997.
12. Cohen H, Benjamin J, Geva AB, Matar MA, Kaplan Z, Kotler M. Autonomic dysregulation in panic disorder and in post-traumatic stress disorder: application of power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability at rest and in response to recollection of trauma or panic attacks. Psychiatry Res 2000;96:1–13. PMID:
10980322.
13. Hauschildt M, Peters MJ, Moritz S, Jelinek L. Heart rate variability in response to affective scenes in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychol 2011;88:215–222. PMID:
21856373.
15. Sahar T, Shalev AY, Porges SW. Vagal modulation of responses to mental challenge in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2001;49:637–643. PMID:
11297721.
16. Keary TA, Hughes JW, Palmieri PA. Women with posttraumatic stress disorder have larger decreases in heart rate variability during stress tasks. Int J Psychophysiol 2009;73:257–264. PMID:
19374925.
17. Kamkwalala A, Norrholm SD, Poole JM, Brown A, Donley S, Duncan E, et al. Dark-enhanced startle responses and heart rate variability in a traumatized civilian sample: putative sex-specific correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosom Med 2012;74:153–159. PMID:
22286850.
18. Ballenger JC, Davidson JR, Lecrubier Y, Nutt DJ, Foa EB, Kessler RC, et al. Consensus statement on posttraumatic stress disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61(Suppl 5):60–66. PMID:
10761680.
19. Martin LA, Doster JA, Critelli JW, Lambert PL, Purdum M, Powers C, et al. Ethnicity and Type D personality as predictors of heart rate variability. Int J Psychophysiol 2010;76:118–121. PMID:
20211208.
20. Chang CC, Lu RB, Chen CL, Chu CM, Chang HA, Huang CC, et al. Lack of association between the norepinephrine transporter gene and major depression in a Han Chinese population. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2007;32:121–128. PMID:
17353941.
21. Endicott J, Spitzer RL. A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:837–844. PMID:
678037.
22. Huang SY, Lin WW, Ko HC, Lee JF, Wang TJ, Chou YH, et al. Possible interaction of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase genes with the dopamine D2 receptor gene in anxiety-depressive alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:374–384. PMID:
15084894.
23. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56–62. PMID:
14399272.
24. Frank E, Prien RF, Jarrett RB, Keller MB, Kupfer DJ, Lavori PW, et al. Conceptualization and rationale for consensus definitions of terms in major depressive disorder. Remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:851–855. PMID:
1929776.
25. Blanchard EB, Jones-Alexander J, Buckley TC, Forneris CA. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behav Res Ther 1996;34:669–673. PMID:
8870294.
26. Wu KK, Chan SK, Yiu VF. Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for Chinese survivors of road traffic accidents. Hong Kong J Psychiatry 2008;18:144–151.
27. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561–571. PMID:
13688369.
28. Beck AT, Steer RA. Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation Harcourt; 1990.
29. Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol 1959;32:50–55. PMID:
13638508.
30. Chen WJ, Chen HM, Chen CC, Yu WY, Cheng AT. Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: psychometric properties and construct validity in Taiwanese adults. Compr Psychiatry 2002;43:158–166. PMID:
11893995.
31. Cloninger CR. Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism. Science 1987;236:410–416. PMID:
2882604.
32. Kuo TB, Lin T, Yang CC, Li CL, Chen CF, Chou P. Effect of aging on gender differences in neural control of heart rate. Am J Physiol 1999;277:H2233–H2239. PMID:
10600841.
33. Blechert J, Michael T, Grossman P, Lajtman M, Wilhelm FH. Autonomic and respiratory characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder. Psychosom Med 2007;69:935–943. PMID:
17991823.
34. Woodward SH, Kaloupek DG, Schaer M, Martinez C, Eliez S. Right anterior cingulate cortical volume covaries with respiratory sinus arrhythmia magnitude in combat veterans. J Rehabil Res Dev 2008;45:451–463. PMID:
18629753.
35. Stein PK, Rottman JN, Kleiger RE. Effect of 21 mg transdermal nicotine patches and smoking cessation on heart rate variability. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:701–705. PMID:
8651120.
36. Beckham JC, Gehrman PR, McClernon FJ, Collie CF, Feldman ME. Cigarette smoking, ambulatory cardiovascular monitoring, and mood in Vietnam veterans with and without chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Addict Behav 2004;29:1579–1593. PMID:
15451125.
37. Li Z, Snieder H, Su S, Ding X, Thayer JF, Treiber FA, et al. A longitudinal study in youth of heart rate variability at rest and in response to stress. Int J Psychophysiol 2009;73:212–217. PMID:
19285108.
38. Davis M, Walker DL, Lee Y. Roles of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex. Possible relevance to PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997;821:305–331. PMID:
9238214.
39. Liberzon I, Sripada CS. The functional neuroanatomy of PTSD: a critical review. Prog Brain Res 2008;167:151–169. PMID:
18037013.
40. Schwaber JS, Kapp BS, Higgins G. The origin and extent of direct amygdala projections to the region of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Neurosci Lett 1980;20:15–20. PMID:
6189032.
41. Bracha HS. Can premorbid episodes of diminished vagal tone be detected via histological markers in patients with PTSD. Int J Psychophysiol 2004;51:127–133. PMID:
14693362.
42. Cohen H, Kotler M, Matar M, Kaplan Z. Normalization of heart rate variability in post-traumatic stress disorder patients following fluoxetine treatment: preliminary results. Isr Med Assoc J 2000;2:296–301. PMID:
10804906.
43. Buckley TC, Kaloupek DG. A meta-analytic examination of basal cardiovascular activity in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosom Med 2001;63:585–594. PMID:
11485112.
44. Baumert M, Lambert GW, Dawood T, Lambert EA, Esler MD, McGrane M, et al. Short-term heart rate variability and cardiac norepinephrine spillover in patients with depression and panic disorder. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009;297:H674–H679. PMID:
19502559.
45. Moak JP, Goldstein DS, Eldadah BA, Saleem A, Holmes C, Pechnik S, et al. Supine low-frequency power of heart rate variability reflects baroreflex function, not cardiac sympathetic innervation. Heart Rhythm 2007;4:1523–1529. PMID:
17997358.
46. Pomeranz B, Macaulay RJ, Caudill MA, Kutz I, Adam D, Gordon D, et al. Assessment of autonomic function in humans by heart rate spectral analysis. Am J Physiol 1985;248:H151–H153. PMID:
3970172.
47. Sloan RP, McCreath H, Tracey KJ, Sidney S, Liu K, Seeman T. RR interval variability is inversely related to inflammatory markers: the CARDIA study. Mol Med 2007;13:178–184. PMID:
17592552.
48. Peirson AR, Heuchert JW, Thomala L, Berk M, Plein H, Cloninger CR. Relationship between serotonin and the temperament and character inventory. Psychiatry Res 1999;89:29–37. PMID:
10643875.
49. Wu IT, Lee IH, Yeh TL, Chen KC, Chen PS, Yao WJ, et al. The association between the harm avoidance subscale of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire and serotonin transporter availability in the brainstem of male volunteers. Psychiatry Res 2010;181:241–244. PMID:
20153151.
50. Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, Sabol SZ, Greenberg BD, Petri S, et al. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 1996;274:1527–1531. PMID:
8929413.
51. Damaso EL, Bonagamba LG, Kellett DO, Jordan D, Ramage AG, Machado BH. Involvement of central 5-HT7 receptors in modulation of cardiovascular reflexes in awake rats. Brain Res 2007;1144:82–90. PMID:
17320834.
52. Kellett DO, Ramage AG, Jordan D. Central 5-HT7 receptors are critical for reflex activation of cardiac vagal drive in anaesthetized rats. J Physiol 2005;563:319–331. PMID:
15611034.
53. Frederiks J, Swenne CA, TenVoorde BJ, Honzikova N, Levert JV, Maan AC, et al. The importance of high-frequency paced breathing in spectral baroreflex sensitivity assessment. J Hypertens 2000;18:1635–1644. PMID:
11081777.
54. Lee HJ, Kwak SK, Paik JW, Kang RH, Lee MS. Association between serotonin 2A receptor gene polymorphism and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2007;4:104–108.
55. Vermetten E, Bremner JD. Circuits and systems in stress. II. Applications to neurobiology and treatment in posttraumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety 2002;16:14–38. PMID:
12203669.
56. Ressler KJ, Nemeroff CB. Role of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 2000;12(Suppl 1):2–19. PMID:
11098410.
57. Song JM, Chae JH. Update on current treatment options for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2005;2:31–43.
58. Stein DJ, Ipser J, McAnda N. Pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of meta-analyses and treatment guidelines. CNS Spectr 2009;14:25–31. PMID:
19169191.
59. Tan G, Dao TK, Farmer L, Sutherland RJ, Gevirtz R. Heart rate variability (HRV) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a pilot study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2011;36:27–35. PMID:
20680439.
60. Sato N, Miyake S, Akatsu J, Kumashiro M. Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in healthy young women during the normal menstrual cycle. Psychosom Med 1995;57:331–335. PMID:
7480562.
61. Kleiger RE, Stein PK, Bigger JT Jr. Heart rate variability: measurement and clinical utility. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2005;10:88–101. PMID:
15649244.