Availability of Data and Material
The datasets generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: all authors. Data Curation: Ji Hyeon Kang, Min-Jung Shin, Jeon Hoon Park, Ji Young Choi. Formal analysis: Joo Young Lee. Funding acquisition: Ji Young Choi. Investigation: Joo Young Lee, Ji Hyeon Kang, Dong Ho Song, Ji Young Choi. Methodology: Joo Young Lee, Ji Young Choi. Project administration: Ji Young Choi. Supervision: Ji Young Choi. Validation: Ji Hyeon Kang, Min-Jung Shin, Jeon Hoon Park, Dong Ho Song, Ji Young Choi. Writing—original draft: Joo Young Lee. Writing—review & editing: Ji Hyeon Kang, Min-Jung Shin, Jeon Hoon Park, Dong Ho Song, Ji Young Choi.
Funding Statement
This study was supported by the Jisan Cultural Psychiatry Research Fund from the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.
Mean±SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | Cronbach’s alpha | Test–retest r | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lack of premeditation | 7.96±1.97 | 0.249 | 0.420 | 0.66 | 0.46** |
Lack of perseveration | 7.19±2.18 | 0.421 | 0.117 | 0.74 | 0.43** |
Positive urgency | 9.01±2.59 | 0.342 | -0.022 | 0.78 | 0.55** |
Negative urgency | 8.59±2.49 | 0.059 | -0.629 | 0.75 | 0.64** |
Sensation seeking | 10.00±2.48 | 0.219 | -0.418 | 0.62 | 0.53** |
Total score | 42.75±7.23 | 0.225 | 0.115 | 0.80 | 0.70** |
1. Lack of premeditation | 2. Lack of perseveration | 3. Positive urgency | 4. Negative urgency | 5. Sensation seeking | 6. Total score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Lack of premeditation | 1 | |||||
2. Lack of perseveration | 0.43** | 1 | ||||
3. Positive urgency | 0.15** | 0.19** | 1 | |||
4. Negative urgency | 0.21** | 0.22** | 0.58** | 1 | ||
5. Sensation seeking | -0.04 | -0.09 | 0.27** | 0.25** | 1 | |
6. Total score | 0.52** | 0.53** | 0.75** | 0.76** | 0.49** | 1 |
W1 (N=330) |
W2 (N=107) |
|||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |
W1_lack of premeditation | 0.20** | 0.12* | 0.17** | 0.23** | 0.20** | 0.15** | 0.21* | 0.26* | 0.19 | 0.26* | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.39** | 0.17 | 0.31** | 0.37** |
W1_lack of perseveration | 0.14* | 0.13* | 0.08 | 0.19** | 0.12* | 0.06 | 0.20* | 0.27** | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.28** | 0.03 | 0.24* | 0.25* |
W1_positive urgency | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.23* | 0.18 | 0.23* | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.24* | 0.46** | 0.36** | 0.18 | 0.38** |
W1_negative urgency | 0.22** | 0.16** | 0.21** | 0.15** | 0.19** | 0.19** | 0.25* | 0.22* | 0.26* | 0.20 | 0.26** | 0.24* | 0.60** | 0.35** | 0.31** | 0.50** |
W1_sensation seeking | 0.05 | -0.08 | 0.14* | 0.11 | 0.13* | 0.13* | 0.04 | -0.06 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.20* | 0.08 | 0.15 |
W1_total score | 0.22** | 0.10 | 0.22** | 0.23** | 0.23** | 0.20** | 0.30** | 0.26** | 0.31** | 0.29** | 0.25* | 0.31** | 0.60** | 0.38** | 0.34** | 0.53** |
W2_lack of premeditation | 0.27** | 0.22* | 0.27** | 0.27** | 0.21* | 0.27** | 0.35** | 0.21* | 0.59** | 0.53** | ||||||
W2_lack of perseveration | 0.20* | 0.16 | 0.22* | 0.24* | 0.15 | 0.23* | 0.54** | 0.12 | 0.51** | 0.52** | ||||||
W2_positive urgency | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.29** | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.32** | 0.59** | 0.53** | 0.22* | 0.51** | ||||||
W2_negative urgency | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.66** | 0.46** | 0.30** | 0.56** | ||||||
W2_sensation seeking | -0.12 | -0.17 | 0.01 | -0.12 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.27** | 0.32** | 0.03 | 0.22* | ||||||
W2_total score | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.26** | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.29** | 0.75** | 0.53** | 0.48** | 0.71** |
W1, wave1; W2, wave 2; UPPS-P-C, UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale for Children; CBCL 6–18, Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6–18; BIS-11, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11; 1: Wave1_CBCL total problems; 2: Wave1_CBCL internalizing problems; 3: Wave1_CBCL externalizing problems; 4: Wave1_CBCL attention problems; 5: Wave1_CBCL rulebreaking behavior; 6: Wave1_aggressive behavior; 7: Wave2_CBCL total problems; 8: Wave2_CBCL internalizing problems; 9: Wave2_CBCL externalizing problems; 10: Wave2_CBCL attention problems; 11: Wave2_CBCL rule-breaking behavior; 12: Wave2_aggressive behavior; 13: BIS-11 attentional impulsiveness; 14: BIS-11 motor impulsiveness; 15: BIS-11 nonplanning impulsiveness; 16: BIS-11 total score
ADHD (N=94) | Controls (N=330) | F | |
---|---|---|---|
Lack of premeditation | 9.54±2.79 | 7.96±1.97 | 30.43*** |
Lack of perseveration | 8.77±2.97 | 7.19±2.18 | 37.99*** |
Positive urgency | 10.74±3.28 | 9.01±2.59 | 16.47*** |
Negative urgency | 9.26±3.01 | 8.59±2.49 | 9.45** |
Sensation seeking | 9.97±2.68 | 10.00±2.48 | 0.49 |
Total score | 48.28±8.62 | 42.75±7.23 | 39.94*** |