Availability of Data and Material
The datasets analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to regulations of the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH) of Korea, but can be requested from the NCMH [https://mhs.ncmh.go.kr/menu.es?mid=a10402010000], exclusively for academic research or policy design purposes.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Kyeongwoo Park, Hyein Chang. Data curation: Jin Pyo Hong, Sohee Park, Bong-Jin Hahm, Ji Hyun An. Formal analysis: Kyeongwoo Park, Hyein Chang. Funding acquisition: Jin Pyo Hong, Bong-Jin Hahm. Investigation: Jin Pyo Hong, Bong-Jin Hahm, Ji Hyun An. Methodology: Kyeongwoo Park, Hyein Chang. Project administration: Jin Pyo Hong, Bong-Jin Hahm. Resources: Jin Pyo Hong, Sohee Park, Ji Hyun An. Software: Kyeongwoo Park, Hyein Chang. Supervision: Hyein Chang, Ji Hyun An. Visualization: Kyeongwoo Park. Writing—original draft: Kyeongwoo Park, Hyein Chang. Writing—review & editing: Myung Hyun Kim, Jin Young Jung, Dahae Kim, Ji Hyun An.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (HL19C0018).
Variables | Age | Loneliness | Living alone | Household size | Gaming time | PGU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | - | |||||
Loneliness | 0.162*** | - | ||||
Living alone | 0.000 | 0.158*** | - | |||
Household size | -0.066 | -0.119** | -0.742*** | - | ||
Gaming time | -0.207*** | 0.049 | 0.045 | 0.000 | - | |
PGU | -0.155*** | 0.211*** | 0.015 | 0.019 | 0.241*** | - |
Mean±SD | 34.62±10.84 | 0.81±1.27 | - | 2.77±1.19 | 1.98±1.50 | 36.96±10.09 |
Main and interaction effects of gaming time and loneliness on PGU |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | B | SE | t | 95% CI |
Independent variable | ||||
Gaming time | 1.268 | 0.240 | 5.285*** | 0.797–1.739 |
Loneliness | 1.735 | 0.281 | 6.181*** | 1.184–2.286 |
Two-way interaction | ||||
Gaming time×loneliness | 0.325 | 0.150 | 2.173* | 0.031–0.619 |
Covariate | ||||
Age | -0.142 | 0.033 | -4.271*** | -0.208– -0.077 |
Conditional effect of gaming time on PGU by level of loneliness |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Loneliness | B | SE | t | 95% CI |
-1 SD | 1.005 | 0.282 | 3.561*** | 0.451–1.559 |
Mean | 1.268 | 0.240 | 5.285*** | 0.797–1.739 |
+1 SD | 1.679 | 0.286 | 5.882*** | 1.119–2.240 |
Main and interaction effects of gaming time, loneliness, and living alone on PGU |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | B | SE | t | 95% CI |
Independent variable | ||||
Gaming time | 0.805 | 0.258 | 3.114** | 0.297–1.312 |
Loneliness | 2.199 | 0.328 | 6.714*** | 1.556–2.842 |
Living alone | -0.671 | 0.884 | -0.759 | -2.407–1.064 |
Two-way interaction | ||||
Gaming time×loneliness | 0.143 | 0.165 | 0.870 | -0.180–0.467 |
Gaming time×living alone | 2.718 | 0.622 | 4.368*** | 1.497–3.940 |
Loneliness×living alone | -1.359 | 0.612 | -2.220* | -2.561–-0.157 |
Three-way interaction | ||||
Gaming time×loneliness×living alone | 0.757 | 0.366 | 2.070* | 0.039–1.475 |
Covariate | ||||
Age | -0.141 | 0.033 | -4.269*** | -0.206– -0.076 |
Conditional effect of gaming time×loneliness on PGU by living arrangements |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Living arrangements | B | F | df1 | df2 |
Living alone | 0.900 | 7.617** | 1 | 734 |
Living together | 0.143 | 0.756 | 1 | 734 |
Conditional effect of gaming time by loneliness in the living alone group |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Loneliness | B | SE | t | 95% CI |
-1 SD | 2.796 | 0.666 | 4.200*** | 1.489–4.103 |
Mean | 3.523 | 0.568 | 6.206*** | 2.408–4.637 |
+1 SD | 4.663 | 0.642 | 7.264*** | 3.402–5.923 |
Variables | B | SE | t | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Independent variable | ||||
Gaming time | 0.826 | 0.270 | 3.054** | 0.294–1.355 |
Loneliness | 2.173 | 0.333 | 6.521*** | 1.519–2.827 |
Household size | 0.313 | 0.437 | 0.717 | -0.545–1.171 |
Two-way interaction | ||||
Gaming time×loneliness | 0.131 | 0.168 | 0.777 | -0.200–0.461 |
Gaming time×household size | -0.142 | 0.323 | -0.441 | -0.776–0.491 |
Loneliness×household size | 0.333 | 0.382 | 0.872 | -0.418–1.084 |
Three-way interaction | ||||
Gaming time×loneliness×household size | 0.152 | 0.251 | 0.606 | -0.341–0.646 |
Covariate | ||||
Age | -0.136 | 0.037 | -3.688*** | -0.209– -0.064 |