Availability of Data and Material
The datasets generated or analyzed during the study are not publicly available due to the privacy concerns raised by the Health Research Ethics Commission, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga but are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Iqbal Pramukti, Ira Nurmala, Yung-Ning Yang, Chung-Ying Lin. Data curation: Iqbal Pramukti, Ira Nurmala, Siti R. Nadhiroh. Formal analysis: Chung-Ying Lin. Funding acquisition: Iqbal Pramukti, Ira Nurmala, Siti R. Nadhiroh, Serene En Hui Tung, Wan Ying Gan, Chung-Ying Lin. Investigation: Iqbal Pramukti, Ira Nurmala, Siti R. Nadhiroh, Yung-Ning Yang, Chung-Ying Lin. Methodology: Siti R. Nadhiroh, Serene En Hui Tung, Wan Ying Gan, Yan-Li Siaw, Yung-Ning Yang, Mark D. Griffiths, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir H. Pakpour. Project administration: Chung-Ying Lin. Resources: Iqbal Pramukti, Ira Nurmala, Siti R. Nadhiroh, Yung-Ning Yang, Chung-Ying Lin. Software: Chung-Ying Lin. Supervision: Mark D. Griffiths, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir H. Pakpour. Validation: Mark D. Griffiths, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir H. Pakpour. Visualization: Chung-Ying Lin. Writing—original draft: Iqbal Pramukti, Ira Nurmala, Chung-Ying Lin. Writing—review & editing: Siti R. Nadhiroh, Serene En Hui Tung, Wan Ying Gan, Yan-Li Siaw, Yung-Ning Yang, Mark D. Griffiths, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir H. Pakpour.
Funding Statement
This project was funded by the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan (NSTC 112-2410-H-006-089-SS2), the Higher Education Sprout Project, Ministry of Education to the Headquarters of University Advancement at National Cheng Kung University (NCKU).
Characteristic | Value (N=458) |
---|---|
Age (yr) | 22.46±8.07 |
Sex | |
Male | 119 (26.0) |
Female | 339 (74.0) |
Study major | |
Health-related | 251 (54.8) |
Non-health-related | 207 (45.2) |
Study program | |
Undergraduate | 376 (82.1) |
Postgraduate | 82 (17.9) |
Marital status | |
Single | 387 (84.6) |
Married | 68 (14.8) |
Other | 3 (0.6) |
Daily hours on social media (h) | 5.19±4.15 |
Daily hours on gaming (h) | 0.87±1.42 |
NMPQ total score* | 91.69±20.41 |
DASS-21 total score* | 18.90±10.35 |
Mean (SD) | Skewness | Kurtosis | α* | ω† | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BSMAS | 16.68 (4.50) | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.80 | 0.86 |
Item B1 | 3.04 (0.99) | -0.13 | -0.56 | ||
Item B2 | 3.31 (1.02) | -0.33 | -0.34 | ||
Item B3 | 3.02 (1.23) | -0.11 | -0.84 | ||
Item B4 | 2.78 (1.00) | 0.11 | -0.42 | ||
Item B5 | 2.26 (1.06) | 0.49 | -0.46 | ||
Item B6 | 2.27 (1.06) | 0.56 | -0.26 | ||
IGDS9-SF | 14.07 (5.49) | 1.32 | 2.01 | 0.90 | 0.92 |
Item I1 | 1.62 (0.88) | 1.42 | 1.64 | ||
Item I2 | 1.49 (0.76) | 1.67 | 2.87 | ||
Item I3 | 1.65 (0.88) | 1.22 | 0.70 | ||
Item I4 | 1.52 (0.82) | 1.66 | 2.44 | ||
Item I5 | 1.48 (0.80) | 1.81 | 3.20 | ||
Item I6 | 1.36 (0.67) | 2.00 | 4.04 | ||
Item I7 | 1.34 (0.67) | 2.17 | 5.13 | ||
Item I8 | 2.25 (1.18) | 0.42 | -0.91 | ||
Item I9 | 1.36 (0.73) | 2.26 | 4.94 |