Availability of Data and Material
The datasets generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
Naoaki Otsuka, Hotaka Shinzato, Kazuki Ota, and Kazuhiro Kurihara have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. Yoshikazu Takaesu has received lecture fees from Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sumitomo Pharma, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Meiji Seika Pharma, Kyowa Pharmaceutical, Eisai, MSD, and Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical outside the submitted work. Yu Zamami has received lecture fees from Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sumitomo Pharma, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Meiji Seika Pharma, and VIATRIS outside the submitted work. Tsuyoshi Kondo has received lecture fees from Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sumitomo Pharma, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Meiji Seika Pharma, Kyowa Pharmaceutical, Eisai, MSD, and Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical outside the submitted work.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Hotaka Shinzato, Tsuyoshi Kondo. Data curation: Naoaki Otsuka, Hortaka Shinzato. Formal analysis: Naoaki Otsuka, Yoshikazu Takaesu. Fund acquisition: Tsuyoshi Kondo. Investigation: Naoaki Otsuka, Yu Zamami, Kazuki Ota, Hotaka Shinzato. Methodology: Naoaki Otsuka, Yoshikazu Takaesu, Hotaka Shinzato, Tsuyoshi Kondo. Supervision: Yoshikazu Takaesu, Tsuyoshi Kondo. Validation: all authors. Writing—original draft: Naoaki Otsuka. Writing—review & editing: Naoaki Otsuka, Yoshikazu Takaesu, Tsuyoshi Kondo.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI [Grant Number JP17K10311, JP21K07504]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, writing of the manuscript, and/or decision to publish.
DMX-negative (N=82) | DMX-positive (N=54) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Age at baseline (yr) | 45.5 (31.0–63.5) | 37.0 (25.0–50.0) | 0.049* |
Sex, male/female | 31/51 (37.8/62.2) | 15/39 (27.8/72.2) | 0.227† |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.0 (19.3–24.8) | 21.7 (18.9–26.7) | 0.989* |
Brinkman index | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–100) | 0.188* |
Imipramine equivalence (mg) | 0 (0–75) | 0 (0–75) | 0.423* |
Chlorpromazine equivalence (mg) | 0 (0–75) | 0 (0–25) | 0.823* |
Diagnosis of the mood disorder, MDD/BD | 66/16 (80.5/19.5) | 30/24 (65.6/44.4) | 0.002† |
Total score of the QIDS-SR-J | 15.0 (12.0–18.0) | 20.0 (17.0–22.5) | <0.001* |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.3 (0.8–2.6) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 0.573* |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 0.573* |
High-sensitivity CRP (mg/L) | 0.36 (0.15–0.99) | 0.32 (0.15–1.60) | 0.878* |
Serum BDNF concentration (ng/mL) | 26.7±7.4 | 30.2±7.4 | 0.009‡ |
DMX, depressive mixed state; BMI, body mass index; MDD, major depressive disorder; BD, bipolar disorders; QIDS-SR-J, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report Japanese version; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factoralpha; CRP, C-reactive protein; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor