Availability of Data and Material
The datasets generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Do Hoon Kim. Formal analysis: Chang Hyun Lee. Supervision: Do Hoon Kim. Writing—original draft: Hye Won Jeong, Chang Hyun Lee. Writing—review & editing: Hye Won Jeong.
Funding Statement
This research was supported by the following: 1) The Hallym University Research Fund, 2) The National Research Foundation of Korea grant provided by the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning, Government of Korea (no. 2017R1A2B4008920), 3) The Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2021R1I1A3058026), 4) The ‘R&D Program for Forest Science Technology (Project No. 2021402B10-2123-0101), provided by the Korea Forest Service (Korea Forestry Promotion Institute), and 5) Eisai Korea Inc.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; AD w/SVD, AD with small vessel disease; SIVD, subcortical ischemic vascular disease; PWMHs, periventricular white matter hyperintensities; DWMHs, deep white matter hyperintensities; BADL, the basic activities of daily living; DEP, the severity of depressive symptoms; F/U, follow-up
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. DWMHs | - | |||
2. PWMHs | 0.599** | - | ||
3. DEP | 0.147** | 0.084 | - | |
4. BADL | -0.121** | -0.016 | -0.123** | - |
Skewness | 1.451 | 0.390 | 0.411 | -1.354 |
Kurtosis | 0.590 | -1.592 | -0.839 | 3.092 |
IV | DV | B | S.E. | β | t | R2 | F | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sex | 1.309 | 0.699 | 0.087 | 1.873 | |||
Age | DEP | -0.102 | 0.044 | -0.101 | -2.312* | 0.073 | 12.947*** | |
Education | -0.294 | 0.069 | -0.199 | -4.284*** | ||||
2 | Sex | 0.213 | 0.155 | 0.067 | 1.375 | 0.009 | 1.501 | |
Age | BADL | -0.010 | 0.010 | -0.046 | -1.011 | |||
Education | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.080 | 1.647 | ||||
3 | DWMHs | DEP | 1.549 | 0.468 | 0.147 | 3.306** | 0.022 | 10.932*** |
PWMHs | 1.008 | 0.377 | 0.120 | 2.674** | 0.086 | 11.618 | ||
DWMHs | BADL | -0.270 | 0.100 | -0.121 | -2.690** | 0.015 | 7.237*** | |
PWMHs | 0.003 | 0.084 | 0.002 | 0.037 | 0.009 | 1.123 | ||
DWMHs | BADL | -0.235 | 0.101 | -0.105 | -2.326* | 0.026 | 6.478*** | |
DEP | -0.023 | 0.010 | -0.107 | -2.377* | ||||
PWMHs | 0.031 | 0.084 | 0.017 | 0.370 | 0.025 | 2.495* | ||
DEP | -0.028 | 0.010 | -0.131 | -2.814** |
IV, independent variable; DV, dependent variable; B, non-standardized coefficient estimates; S.E., standard error; β, standardized coefficient estimates; DEP, the severity of depressive symptoms; BADL, the basic activities of daily living; DWMHs, deep white matter hyperintensities; PWMHs, periventricular white matter hyperintensities
Path | Effect | Boot S.E. |
95% CI |
|
---|---|---|---|---|
LLCI | ULCI | |||
DWMHs → BADL | -0.004 | 0.002 | -0.042 | -0.002 |
PWMHs → BADL | -0.028 | 0.017 | -0.078 | 0.005 |
All coefficients are non-standardized coefficient estimates. The effect size of indirect effect represents the ratio of indirect effect to total effect. DWMHs, deep white matter hyperintensities; BADL, the basic activities of daily living; PWMHs, periventricular white matter hyperintensities; S.E., standard error; CI, confidence interval; LLCI, ULCI, lower and upper bounds within the 95% CI