Availability of Data and Material
The datasets generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
Yoo Hyun Um, a contributing editor of the Psychiatry Investigation, was not involved in the editorial evaluation or decision to publish this article. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: all authors. Data curation: Young-Chan Kim, Tae-Won Kim. Formal analysis: Young-Chan Kim, Yoo Hyun Um. Investigation: Young-Chan Kim, Sung-Min Kim. Methodology: Jong-Hyun Jeong. Supervision: Ho-Jun Seo, Seung-Chul Hong. Writing—original draft: Young-Chan Kim. Writing—review & editing: Jong-Hyun Jeong.
Funding Statement
None
Characteristics | Non-DM (95% CI) (N=5,672) | DM (95% CI) (N=624) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, male | 49.4 (48.2–50.6) | 54.0 (49.8–58.2) | 0.043 | |
Age group | <0.001 | |||
≤39 | 37.3 (35.1–39.5) | 3.5 (1.9–6.2) | ||
40–49 | 20.2 (18.6–21.8) | 9.7 (6.5–14.3) | ||
50–59 | 19.9 (18.5–21.3) | 20.3 (16.8–24.3) | ||
60–69 | 12.5 (11.3–13.9) | 31.5 (27.2–36.2) | ||
≥70 | 10.1 (8.8–11.5) | 35.1 (31.4–39.0) | ||
Depressive disorder | 4.1 (3.5–4.7) | 7.1 (5.1–9.7) | 0.003 | |
Marital state | <0.001 | |||
Married | 66.0 (63.9–68.0) | 70.9 (66.0–75.3) | ||
Single | 24.4 (22.6–26.3) | 5.5 (3.5–8.5) | ||
Divorced/separated/widowed | 9.6 (8.6–10.7) | 23.6 (19.7–28.1) | ||
Employed | 65.6 (63.7–67.4) | 54.0 (49.4–58.4) | <0.001 | |
Family income | <0.001 | |||
Low | 14.2 (12.7–15.8) | 28.0 (24.0–32.3) | ||
Low-moderate | 25.1 (23.0–27.3) | 29.1 (25.0–33.6) | ||
Moderate-high | 27.5 (25.6–29.5) | 21.1 (16.9–25.9) | ||
High | 33.2 (30.3–36.6) | 21.8 (17.9–26.4) | ||
Education | <0.001 | |||
≤Elementary | 10.7 (9.4–12.1) | 35.4 (30.8–40.2) | ||
Middle school | 7.3 (6.4–8.3) | 14.3 (11.7–17.3) | ||
High school | 36.3 (34.3–38.3) | 29.6 (25.2–34.3) | ||
≥College | 45.8 (43.0–48.5) | 20.8 (17.1–25.1) | ||
Smoking status | <0.001 | |||
Never | 57.3 (55.7–58.9) | 48.9 (44.8–53.0) | ||
Former | 22.4 (21.2–23.7) | 31.2 (27.0–35.8) | ||
Current | 20.3 (18.9–21.8) | 19.9 (16.5–23.7) | ||
Risky drinking | 20.2 (16.5–24.5) | 19.0 (17.7–20.4) | 0.573 | |
Regular exercise | 46.5 (44.5–48.4) | 35.8 (31.0–41.0) | <0.001 | |
Major cancer* | 2.5 (2.1–3.0) | 4.3 (3.0–6.3) | 0.010 | |
No. of chronic disease† | 0.007 | |||
0 | 72.5 (70.9–74.0) | 67.3 (62.6–71.7) | ||
1 | 24.2 (22.8–25.7) | 26.1 (22.2–30.4) | ||
2 | 2.9 (2.4–3.5) | 6.0 (4.0–8.9) | ||
≥3 | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.6 (0.2–2.4) |