Availability of Data and Material
All the data are extracted from the articles reviewed.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Maria Pilar Calvo-Rivera, Luis Gutiérrez-Rojas. Data curation: all authors. Formal analysis: Maria Pilar Calvo-Rivera, Luis Gutiérrez-Rojas. Investigation: Maria Pilar Calvo-Rivera. Methodology: Maria Pilar Calvo-Rivera, Luis Gutiérrez-Rojas. Project administration: Luis Gutiérrez-Rojas. Resources: Maria Pilar Calvo-Rivera. Software: Luis Gutiérrez-Rojas. Supervision: Luis Gutiérrez-Rojas. Validation: Maria Isabel Navarrete-Páez, IB. Visualization: Luis Gutiérrez-Rojas. Writing—original draft: Maria Pilar Calvo-Rivera, Luis Gutiérrez-Rojas. Writing—review & editing: all authors.
Funding Statement
None
Study | Sample | Diagnostic criteria/evaluation | Results of OR and prevalence of depression |
---|---|---|---|
Solmi et al., 2019 [9] | 955 patients with AN diagnosis (631 with RAN and 324 with PAN) | SCL-90/EDI/Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire | OR for PAN (1.19–1.35) and OR for RAN (1.15–1.51) |
Godart et al., 2015 [6] | 271 patients with ED (AN and BN) | MINI (DSM-IV-Version) | 80% prevalence of depression in AN |
García-Alba., 2004 [7] | 150 subjects (50 with RAN, 50 MDD and 50 C) | Rorschach Test/MMPI | 36% prevalence of depressive symptoms in AN |
AN, anorexia nervosa; BN, bulimia nervosa; C, controls; ED, eating disorder; MDD, major depressive disorder; MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; MMPI, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; OR, odds ratio; PAN, purgative anorexia nervosa; RAN, restrictive anorexia nervosa; SCL-90, Symptom Check-List-90; EDI, Eating Disorder Inventory; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Study | Sample | Diagnostic criteria/evaluation | Results of eating behaviour disorder |
---|---|---|---|
Abbate-Daga et al., 20151 [7] | Revision of 62 articles | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Trail Making Task parts A and B, the Brixton Test, the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and/or Iowa Gambling Task | Significant relationship between the degree of depression and the degree of cognitive impairment in patients with AN |
Torres et al., 2015 [13] | 160 subjects (80 with AN and 80 C) | TAS-20/SDS | The greater the severity of depression is associated with a greater degree of alexithymia in AN |
Brand-Gothelf et al., 2014 [9] | 88 patients with AN | EDI-2 | The greater the severity of the eating behaviour, the greater the risk of suicide attempt and the greater the number of hospitalizations |
Lulé et al., 2014 [15] | 30 women (15 with AN and 15 C) | WISC/EDQ/EDI-2/YSR/ CBCL/BDI-II/STAI/TAS-20/SPF | Higher degree of alexithymia in AN than in control group |
Wildes et al., 2007 [11] | 50 patients with AN | Mood Spectrum Self-Report | The greater the severity of depressive symptoms is associated with a higher risk of suicide attempt |
Konstantynowicz et al., 2005 [12] | 45 patients with AN (14 with depressive symptomatology) | HRSD/MADRS | Comorbidity entails a higher risk of osteoporosis |
Wilksch and Wade., 2004 [16] | 60 women (19 with AN, 20 RE and 21 C) | CES-D/EDE-Q/SSPA | Subjects with AN have greater concern for body silhouette and lower self-esteem than RE in the presence of depressive symptoms |
Bizeul et al., 2003 [10] | 193 patients with AN (55 with severe depression, 77 with moderate depression and 32 with mild depression) | EDI/BDI | The greater the severity of depressive symptoms the greater the severity of eating behaviours |
Sexton et al., 1998 [14] | 53 with ED and 14 C | TAS/BDI/SCID | Alexithymia scores higher in RAN. Alexithymia presents a strong association with the severity of the depression and avoidant personality |
AN, anorexia nervosa; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BN, bulimia nervosa; C, controls; CBCL, Child Behaviour Checklist; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; ED, eating disorder; EDI, Eating Disorder Inventory; EDQ, Eating Disorder Questionnaire; EDE-Q, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; HRSD, Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression; MADRS, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; SCID, Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-III-R; SDS, Zung-Self Rating Depression Scale; SSPA, Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; SPF, Saarbrücker Personlichkeitsfragebogen; RE, restrictive eaters; TAS, Toronto Alexithymia Scale; YSR: Youth Self Report; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Study | Sample | Diagnostic criteria/evaluation | Results of eating behaviour disorder |
---|---|---|---|
Junne et al., 2016 [19] | 242 women with AN | CBT-E, FPT | Body image distortion in AN is associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression in all stages of the treatment |
Speranza et al., 2005 [18] | 531 subjects (105 with RAN, 49 with PAN, 98 with BN and 279 C) | TAS-20, BDI, DEQ | Subjects with RAN present greater difficulty to describe feelings and greater self-criticism |
AN, anorexia nervosa; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BN, bulimia nervosa; CBT-E, enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy; C, controls; DEQ, Disordered Eating Questionnaire; FPT, focal psychodynamic therapy; PAN, purgative anorexia nervosa; RAN, restrictive anorexia nervosa; TAS, Toronto Alexithymia Scale
Study | Sample | Diagnostic criteria/evaluation | Results of eating behaviour disorder |
---|---|---|---|
Boehm et al., 2018 [24] | 130 subjects (35 with severe AN, 33 recovered from AN, 62 C) | Self-reports in which depressive and anhedonia symptoms were collected | No direct relationship between BMI and depression in AN. Anhedonia in AN is not related to depression |
Thornton et al., 2016 [21] | 6,899 women from the Swedish study in twin adults | SCID-I | Shared genetic factors were observed for AN, depression and suicide risk |
Lawson et al., 2013 [25] | 35 women (13 with AN, 9 recovered from AN and 13 C) | STAI, BDI-II/DSM-IV-TR | Abnormal postprandial secretion of oxytocin is associated with anxiety and depression in AN |
Mattar et al., 2012 [22] | 24 women with AN | BMI, Y-BOCS/DSM-IV | Anxiety symptoms and depression improve with nutritional rehabilitation in AN. However, they are not directly related to the BMI |
Mattar et al., 2011 [23] | Revision of 7 studies on AN, depression, anxiety and malnutrition | BMI, Y-BOCS/DSM-IV | Contradictory results were observed in the relationship between malnutrition, and anxiety and depression in AN |
Lawson et al., 2009 [26] | 52 women (21 C, 13 with hypothalamic amenorrhea and 18 with AN and amenorrhea) | HRSA/HRSD | Higher levels of cortisol were found in patients with AN. Higher levels of cortisol were positively associated with depression and anxiety |
Miller et al., 2007 [27] | 43 subjects with AN | HRSA/HRSD | Lower testosterone levels were associated with anxiety and depression in AN |
Wade et al., 2000 [20] | 2,163 twin women (including 1,030 twin partners) | DSM-III-R structured clinical interview for anorectic and depressive symptoms | AN has a heritability of 58%. Genetic factors would be involved in the comorbidity between AN and depression |
Berk et al., 1997 [29] | 12 patients with AN, 11 patients with BN and 17 C | HRSD | Patients with AN and depressive comorbidity, have an increased response to intracellular calcium, which is related to depression |
Schweitzer et al., 1990 [28] | 20 subjects with AN | Dexamethasone suppression test | 50% of the sample obtained an abnormal response in the dexamethasone suppression test. No relationship was found with weight. Higher scores in depression where found in those with an abnormal response |
AN, anorexia nervosa; BN, bulimia nervosa; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BMI, body mass index; C, controls; HRSA, Hamilton Rating Scales for Anxiety; HRSD, Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression; SCID-I, Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; Y-BOCS, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale; DSM-IV-TR, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition; DSM-III-R, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition, Revised
Study | Sample | Diagnostic criteria/evaluation | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Carretier et al., 2021 [32] | Eight studies dealing with 10–18 year old inpatient or outpatient adolescents presenting an AN complicated by a major depressive disorder | DSM-5 | There is a need to identify faster severe depressive disorders in adolescents with AN in order to provide a more intensive treatment of mood symptoms |
Kahn et al., 2019 [35] | 56 patients with AN | EDE/BSI | During hospitalization depression in AN has not an association with a bad prognosis. If depressive symptoms persist beyond 1 month during hospitalization the risk of relapsing back to AN is higher |
Mischoulon et al., 2011 [33] | 51 patients with RAN, 85 with PAN and 110 with BN | LIFE-EAT-II | A higher severity in depression was noted in RAN |
Holtkamp et al., 2005 [30] | 39 patients with AN and 39 C | BMI | Patients with anxiety, depression and obsessive symptoms scored higher that those with just AN |
Pollice et al., 1997 [31] | Women with AN in different stages (low weight, short-term weight restoration and long-term weight restoration) are compared with a group of healthy women | BDI/HRSD/STAI/Y-BOCS | Malnutrition aggravates anxiety-depressive and obsessive symptoms. Anxious-depressive symptoms persist mildly or moderately in AN and could be related to their pathogenesis |
Herpertz-Dahlmann et al., 1995 [34] | 34 patients with AN | HRSD/SDS | Depression at the start of AN holds no association with its prognosis. Throughout the follow-up, a statistically significant relationship was observed between depression and AN prognosis |
AN, anorexia nervosa; BN, bulimia nervosa; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BMI, body mass index; BSI, Brief Symptom Inventory; C, controls; EDE, Eating Disorder Examination; HRSD, Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression; LIFE-EAT-II, Eating Disorders Longitudinal Inverval Follow-up Evaluation; PAN, purgative anorexia nervosa; RAN, restrictive anorexia nervosa; SDS, Zung-Self Rating Depression Scale; STAI, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory; Y-BOCS, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale; DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition