Availability of Data and Material
The datasets generated or analyzed during the study are not publicly available because all participants did not consent their information exposure.
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: all authors. Data curation: all authors. Formal analysis: all authors. Funding acquisition: Sang-Hyuk Lee. Investigation: all authors. Methodology: all authors. Project administration: all authors. Resources: all authors. Software: all authors. Supervision: Sang-Hyuk Lee. Validation: all authors. Writing—original draft: all authors. Writing—review & editing: all authors.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea which is funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, by the Ministry of Science and ICT of the Government of South Korea (2018-R1D1A1B07046978) and (NRF-2019M3C7A1032262) to S.H. Lee.
PD (N=335) | HCs (N=418) | Statistics (t or χ2) | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age at baseline (years, mean±SD) | 37.91±11.41 | 36.84±11.31 | 1.29 | 0.199 | |
Gender (male [%]/female) | 149 (44.5)/186 | 195 (46.7)/223 | 0.35 | 0.552 | |
Years of education (high school or less [%]/college or more) | 174 (53.0)/154 | 76 (19.3)/318 | 90.12 | <0.001*** | |
Marital status (living without partner [%]/with partner) | 136 (41.1)/195 | 190 (50.3)/188 | 5.98 | 0.014* | |
Monthly income (below 1,800 $USD [%]/above 1,800 $USD) | 33 (10.2)/290 | 14 (4.2)/322 | 9.10 | 0.003** | |
Agoraphobia, yes (%) | 242 (73.8) | - | - | - | |
Duration of illness (months, mean±SD) | 56.05±43.61 | - | - | - | |
Baseline ETISR-SF total score (mean±SD) | 4.96±4.00 | 3.28±3.01 | 4.04 | <0.001*** | |
General trauma sub-scale score | 1.34±1.49 | 0.89±1.15 | 2.89 | <0.001*** | |
Physical trauma sub-scale score | 1.89±1.62 | 1.58±1.65 | 1.63 | 0.104 | |
Emotional trauma sub-scale score | 1.37±1.69 | 0.66±1.19 | 4.21 | <0.001*** | |
Sexual trauma sub-scale score | 0.39±0.88 | 0.16±0.41 | 2.95 | 0.001** | |
Baseline ASI-R total score (mean±SD) | 52.03±29.79 | 8.23±10.47 | 24.76 | <0.001*** | |
Fear of respiratory symptom | 19.76±11.80 | 1.51±2.82 | 27.24 | <0.001*** | |
Fear of cardiovascular symptom | 14.14±9.74 | 2.80±4.98 | 18.98 | <0.001*** | |
Fear of publicly observable anxiety reaction | 11.06±7.54 | 3.35±4.27 | 16.39 | <0.001*** | |
Fear of cognitive dyscontrol | 6.99±6.97 | 0.84±1.76 | 15.58 | <0.001*** | |
Baseline BDI total score (mean±SD) | 17.77±10.83 | 6.05±6.28 | 17.32 | <0.001*** | |
PDSS total score at baseline (mean±SD) | 12.33±6.33 | - | - | - | |
PDSS total score at 8 weeks (mean±SD) | 9.89±5.01 | - | - | - | |
PDSS total score at 6 months (mean±SD) | 8.85±4.77 | - | - | - | |
Pharmacotherapy, yes (%) | 244 (72.8) | ||||
Kinds of SSRI {escitalopram (N [%])/paroxetine (N [%])} | 71 (29.1)/149 (61.1) | - | - | - | |
SSRI equivalent dosage (mg, mean±SD)† | 9.97±7.50 | - | - | - |
Continuous variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1PSWQ at baseline | - | ||||||||
2Age | -0.181* | - | |||||||
ETISR-SF | |||||||||
3Total sum of all subtypes | 0.179* | -0.034 | - | ||||||
4General | -0.080 | 0.160* | 0.647** | - | |||||
5Physical | 0.075 | -0.069 | 0.795** | 0.275** | - | ||||
6Emotional | 0.367** | -0.125 | 0.673** | 0.213** | 0.292** | - | |||
7Sexual | 0.179* | -0.056 | 0.381** | 0.208** | 0.141 | 0.221** | - | ||
8ASI-R at baseline | 0.324** | 0.017 | 0.218* | 0.133 | 0.096 | 0.255** | 0.037 | - | |
9BDI at baseline | 0.472** | 0.072 | 0.326** | 0.176* | 0.137 | 0.416** | 0.142 | 0.370** | - |
Continuous variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1PSWQ at baseline | - | |||||||||||
2Age | -0.178* | - | ||||||||||
ETISR-SF | ||||||||||||
3Total sum of all subtypes | 0.274** | -0.313*** | - | |||||||||
4General | 0.108 | -0.153 | 0.708*** | - | ||||||||
5Physical | 0.149 | -0.227** | 0.717*** | 0.306*** | - | |||||||
6Emotional | 0.335*** | -0.302*** | 0.817*** | 0.411*** | 0.429*** | - | ||||||
7Sexual | 0.065 | -0.072 | 0.450*** | 0.171* | 0.076 | 0.302*** | - | |||||
8ASI-R at baseline | 0.600*** | -0.257*** | 0.440*** | 0.283** | 0.223** | 0.451*** | 0.221** | - | ||||
9BDI at baseline | 0.682*** | -0.202*** | 0.350*** | 0.183* | 0.209* | 0.389*** | 0.141 | 0.654*** | - | |||
10PDSS at baseline | 0.378*** | -0.235*** | 0.170* | 0.148 | 0.131 | 0.153 | -0.025 | 0.579*** | 0.538*** | - | ||
11PDSS at 8 weeks | 0.399*** | -0.271*** | 0.235** | 0.170* | 0.197* | 0.183* | 0.027 | 0.566*** | 0.547*** | 0.820*** | - | |
12PDSS at 6 months | 0.417*** | -0.285*** | 0.247** | 0.123 | 0.257** | 0.202* | 0.037 | 0.529*** | 0.551*** | 0.753*** | 0.883*** | - |
Variables |
Pharmacological treatment response at 6 months |
||
---|---|---|---|
B | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
Age (years) | 0.018 | 0.467 | 1.018 (0.970–1.069) |
Gender (male) | 0.582 | 0.267 | 1.789 (0.641–4.996) |
Level of education (high school or less) | -0.381 | 0.495 | 0.683 (0.229–2.041) |
Marital status (living without partner) | -0.815 | 0.150 | 0.443 (0.146–1.344) |
Monthly income (below 1,800 $USD) | 3.854 | 0.001** | 47.166 (4.571–486.658) |
PSWQ at baseline (total sum) | -0.072 | 0.018* | 0.930 (0.876–0.988) |
BDI at baseline (total sum) | -0.089 | 0.047* | 0.915 (0.839–0.999) |
PDSS at baseline (total sum) | 0.284 | <0.001*** | 1.329 (1.158–1.524) |
ASI-R at baseline (total sum) | 0.017 | 0.283 | 1.017 (0.986–1.050) |
Early trauma (ETISR-SF, total sum of all subtypes) | -0.068 | 0.346 | 0.934 (0.810–1.076) |
-2 log likelihood | 108.163 | ||
χ2 (df) | 43.959 (10) (p<0.001***) | ||
Cox & Snell R2 | 0.305 | ||
Overall percentage (%) | 67.8 |