Availability of Data and Material
All data generated or analyzed during the study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Yoo-Sook Joung, Jung Yoon Cha. Data curation: Jung Yoon Cha. Formal analysis: Jung Yoon Cha, Soohwan Oh. Investigation: Jung Yoon Cha, Byung Wook Kim. Methodology: Yoo-Sook Joung, Bo Mi Ahn. Project administration: Yoo-Sook Joung. Supervision: Yoo-Sook Joung. Writing—original draft: Jung Yoon Cha, In Mok Song. Writing—review & editing: Yoo-Sook Joung.
Funding Statement
None.
Variables | Tic aggravation (-) (N=111) | Tic aggravation (+) (N=10) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Age of years | 9.73 (2.97) | 7.90 (1.37) | 0.098* |
Gender | 0.207† | ||
Male | 90 (81.1) | 10 (100.0) | |
Female | 21 (18.9) | 0 (0.0) | |
Methylphenidate dosage | |||
Total dosage mg | 36.86 (15.53) | 25.50 (11.65) | 0.029* |
mg/kg | 0.87 (0.33) | 0.72 (0.31) | 0.258* |
Psychiatric family history | 1.000† | ||
None | 94 (84.7) | 9 (90.0) | |
1 or more | 17 (15.3) | 1 (10.0) | |
Comorbidity | 0.177† | ||
None | 71 (64.0) | 4 (40.0) | |
1 or more | 40 (36.0) | 6 (60.0) | |
Past history of tics | <0.001† | ||
No | 99 (89.2) | 3 (30.0) | |
Yes | 12 (10.8) | 7 (70.0) | |
FSIQ | 87.05 (19.43) | 90.10 (16.79) | 0.546* |
K-ARS | |||
Total score | 22.49 (12.08) | 22.80 (13.27) | 0.996* |
Inattention | 14.10 (5.84) | 12.33 (5.43) | 0.260* |
Hyperactivity/impulsivity | 9.90 (6.05) | 13.00 (6.22) | 0.122* |
Previous antipsychotics use | 0.670† | ||
No | 93 (83.8) | 8‡ (80) | |
Yes | 18 (16.2) | 2 (20) |
Hazard ratio (95% CI)* | p-value | |
---|---|---|
Age | 0.78 (0.66–0.92) | 0.004 |
Male† | >999.999 | <0.001 |
Methylphenidate dosage | ||
Total dosage | 0.94 (0.90–0.99) | 0.014 |
mg/kg | 0.22 (0.03–1.74) | 0.152 |
Psychiatric family history | 0.64 (0.08–4.89) | 0.667 |
Comorbidity | 2.63 (0.75–9.20) | 0.131 |
Past history of tics | 16.03 (4.20–61.20) | <0.001 |
FSIQ | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.444 |
K-ARS | ||
Total score | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 0.968 |
Inattention | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 0.316 |
Hyperactivity/impulsivity | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 0.114 |
Hazard ratio (95% CI)* | p-value | |
---|---|---|
Age | 0.79 (0.64–0.97) | 0.021 |
Methylphenidate total dosage | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.023 |
Past history of tics | 21.46 (5.02–91.85) | <0.001 |