1. Yamamoto BK, Moszczynska A, Gudelsky GA. Amphetamine toxicities: classical and emerging mechanisms. Ann NY Acad Sci 2010;1187:101–121. PMID:
20201848.
2. Volz TJ, Fleckenstein AE, Hanson GR. Methamphetamine-induced alterations in monoamine transport: implications for neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, and treatment. Addiction 2007;102(Suppl 1):44–48. PMID:
17493052.
3. Watanabe-Galloway S, Ryan S, Hansen K, Hullsiek B, Muli V, Malone AC. Effects of methamphetamine abuse beyond individual users. J Psychoactive Drugs 2009;41:241–248. PMID:
19999677.
4. Cunningham JK, Liu LM. Impacts of federal precursor chemical regulations on methamphetamine arrests. Addiction 2005;100:479–488. PMID:
15784062.
5. Gonzales R, Mooney L, Rawson RA. The methamphetamine problem in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health 2010;31:385–398. PMID:
20070191.
6. Hunt D, Kuck S, Truitt L. Methamphetamine Use: Lessons Learned. Cambridge: Abt Associates Inc.; 2006.
7. Maxwell JC, Rutkowski BA. The prevalence of methamphetamine and amphetamine abuse in North America: a review of the indicators, 1992-2007. Drug Alcohol Rev 2008;27:229–235. PMID:
18368603.
8. Sudakin D, Power LE. Regional and temporal variation in methamphetamine-related incidents: applications of spatial and temporal scan statistics. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009;47:243–247. PMID:
19225949.
9. McCann UD, Ricaute GA. Amphetamine (Or Amphetamine-Like)-Related Disorders. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P, editor. Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 9th Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, p. 1288–1296.
10. Tata DA, Yamamoto BK. Interactions between methamphetamine and environmental stress: role of oxidative stress, glutamate and mitochondrial dysfunction. Addiction 2007;102(Suppl 1):49–60. PMID:
17493053.
11. Kendler KS, Jacobson KC, Prescott CA, Neale MC. Specificity of genetic and environmental risk factors for use and abuse/dependence of cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, sedatives, stimulants, and opiates in male twins. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:687–695. PMID:
12668357.
12. Tsuang MT, Lyons MJ, Eisen SA, Goldberg J, True W, Lin N, et al. Genetic influences on DSM-III-R drug abuse and dependence: a study of 3,372 twin pairs. Am J Med Genet 1996;67:473–477. PMID:
8886164.
13. Kumar GK. Hypoxia. 3. Hypoxia and neurotransmitter synthesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011;300:C743–C751. PMID:
21270298.
14. Flatmark T. Catecholamine biosynthesis and physiological regulation in neuroendocrine cells. Acta Physiol Scand 2000;168:1–17. PMID:
10691773.
15. Hochachka PW, Monge C. Evolution of human hypoxia tolerance physiology. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000;475:25–43. PMID:
10849647.
16. Ray K, Dutta A, Panjwani U, Thakur L, Anand JP, Kumar S. Hypobaric hypoxia modulates brain biogenic amines and disturbs sleep architecture. Neurochem Int 2011;58:112–128. PMID:
21075155.
17. Robinson SM, Baumel IP, Blatt WF. The effect of simulated altitude exposure on the lethality of sympathomimetic amines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1969;15:304–309. PMID:
4389920.
18. Piazza PV, Le Moal ML. Pathophysiological basis of vulnerability to drug abuse: role of an interaction between stress, glucocorticoids, and dopaminergic neurons. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1996;36:359–378. PMID:
8725394.
19. Fillmore MT, Rush CR. Impaired inhibitory control in chronic cocaine abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002;66:265–273. PMID:
12062461.
20. Marusich JA, Darna M, Charnigo RJ, Dwoskin LP, Bardo MT. A multivariate assessment of individual differences in sensation seeking and impulsivity as predictors of amphetamine self-administration and prefrontal dopamine function in rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2011;19:275–284. PMID:
21574722.
21. Han DH, Yoon SJ, Sung YH, Lee YS, Kee BS, Lyoo IK, et al. A preliminary study: novelty seeking, frontal executive function, and dopamine receptor (D2) TaqI A gene polymorphism in patients with methamphetamine dependence. Compr Psychiatry 2008;49:387–392. PMID:
18555060.
22. Hosák L, Libiger J, Cizek J, Beránek M, Cermáková E. The COMT Val158Met polymorphism is associated with novelty seeking in Czech me-thamphetamine abusers: preliminary results. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2006;27:799–802. PMID:
17187009.
23. Pattij T, Vanderschuren LJ. The neuropharmacology of impulsive behaviour. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008;29:192–199. PMID:
18304658.
24. Soubrie P. Reconciling the role of central serotonin neurons in human and animal behavior. Behav Brain Sci 1986;9:319–364.
25. Akimoto K, Hamamura T, Kazahaya Y, Akiyama K, Otsuki S. Enhanced extracellular dopamine level may be the fundamental neuropharmacological basis of cross-behavioral sensitization between methamphetamine and cocaine - an in vivo dialysis study in freely moving rats. Brain Res 1990;507:344–346. PMID:
2337776.
26. Bardo MT. Neuropharmacological mechanisms of drug reward: beyond dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1998;12:37–67. PMID:
9444481.
27. White FJ, Kalivas PW. Neuroadaptations involved in amphetamine and cocaine addiction. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998;51:141–153. PMID:
9716936.
28. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Swanson JM, Telang F. Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results of imaging studies and treatment implications. Arch Neurol 2007;64:1575–1579. PMID:
17998440.
29. Davidson C, Lee TH, Ellinwood EH. Acute and chronic continuous methamphetamine have different long-term behavioral and neurochemical consequences. Neurochem Int 2005;46:189–203. PMID:
15670635.
30. Fiedler KK, Kim N, Kondo DG, Renshaw PF. Cocaine use in the past year is associated with altitude of residence. J Addict Med 2012;6:166–171. PMID:
22531819.
32. Herman-Stahl MA, Krebs CP, Kroutil LA, Heller DC. Risk and protective factors for methamphetamine use and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among young adults aged 18 to 25. Addict Behav 2007;32:1003–1015. PMID:
16920275.
33. Russell K, Dryden DM, Liang Y, Friesen C, O'Gorman K, Durec T, et al. Risk factors for methamphetamine use in youth: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr 2008;8:48PMID:
18957076.
35. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Shutte Radar Topography Mission (STRM) dataset. Souix Falls: United States Geological Survey; 2000.
37. Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE. Volume I: Secondary School Students (NIH Publication No. 05-5727). Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2004. Bethesda: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 2005.
41. Gates GJ, Cooke AM. Washington Census Snapshot: 2010. Los Angeles: The Williams Institute; 2011.
42. Petrie A, Sabin C. Medical Statistical at a Glance. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 2005.
43. Forcehimes AA, Venner KL, Bogenschutz MP, Foley K, Davis MP, Houck JM, et al. American Indian methamphetamine and other drug use in the Southwestern United States. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2011;17:366–376. PMID:
21988577.
44. Freese TE, Obert J, Dickow A, Cohen J, Lord RH. Methamphetamine abuse: issues for special populations. J Psychoactive Drugs 2000;32:177–182. PMID:
10908005.
45. DelMastro K, Hellem T, Kim N, Kondo D, Sung YH, Renshaw PF. Incidence of major depressive episode correlates with elevation of substate region of residence. J Affect Disord 2011;129:376–379. PMID:
21074272.
46. Kim N, Mickelson JB, Brenner BE, Haws CA, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Renshaw PF. Altitude, gun ownership, rural areas, and suicide. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168:49–54. PMID:
20843869.
47. Olson EB Jr, Vidruk EH, McCrimmon DR, Dempsey JA. Monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism during acclimatization to hypoxia in rats. Respir Physiol 1983;54:79–96. PMID:
6139854.
48. Gozal E, Shah ZA, Pequignot JM, Pequignot J, Sachleben LR, Czyzyk-Krzeska MF, et al. Tyrosine hydroxylase expression and activity in the rat brain: differential regulation after long-term intermittent or sustained hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005;99:642–649. PMID:
15817718.
49. Chaouloff F, Bertom O, Mormede P. Serotonin and stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;21(2 Suppl):28S–32S. PMID:
10432486.
50. Sinha R, Garcia M, Palowal P, Kreek MJ, Rounsaville BJ. Stress-induced cocaine craving and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses are predictive of cocaine relapse outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:324–331. PMID:
16520439.
51. Soderpalm A, Nikolayev L, de Wit H. Effects of stress on responses to methamphetamine in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003;170:188–199. PMID:
12845405.
52. Cloninger CR. A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: A proposal. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:573–588. PMID:
3579504.
53. Iritani BJ, Hallforsm DD, Bauer DJ. Crystal methamphetamine use among young adults in the USA. Addiction 2007;102:1102–1113. PMID:
17567398.
54. Betz ME, Valley MA, Lowenstein SR, Hedegaard H, Thomas D, Stallones L, et al. Elevated suicide rates at high altitude: sociodemographic and health issues may be to blame. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2011;41:562–573. PMID:
21883411.
56. Brenner B, Cheng D, Clark S, Camargo CA Jr. Positive association between altitude and suicide in 2584 U.S. counties. High Alt Med Biol 2011;12:31–35. PMID:
21214344.
57. Cox SM, Benkelfat C, Dagher A, Delaney JS, Durand F, Kolivakis T, et al. Effects of lowered serotonin transmission on cocaine-induced striatal dopamine response: PET [
11C]raclopride study in humans. Br J Psychiatry 2011;199:391–397. PMID:
21543823.
58. Ryding E, Lindström M, Träskman-Bendz L. The role of dopamine and serotonin in suicidal behaviour and aggression. Prog Brain Res 2008;172:307–315. PMID:
18772039.
59. Marshall BD, Werb D. Health outcomes associated with methamphetamine use among young people: a systematic review. Addiction 2010;105:991–1002. PMID:
20659059.