The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Park S-C, Lin S-K, Tan CH, Shinfuku N, Park YC. Data curation: Park S-C, Kim K, Yang H, Na E, Lee H, Jang O-J, Yoon H-J, Oh HS, Ham B-J, Park YC. Funding acquisition: Park S-C. Investigation: Park S-C, Kim K, Yang H, Na E, Lee H, Jang O-J, Yoon H-J, Oh HS, Ham B-J, Park YC. Methodology: Park S-C, Lin S-K, Tan CH, Shinfuku N, Park YC. Project administration: Park S-C, Lin S-K, Tan CH, Shinfuku N, Park YC. Supervision: Lin S-K, Tan CH, Shinfuku N, Park YC. Writing—original draft: Kim K. Writing— review & editing: Kim K, Park S-C, Park YC.
Total sample (N=348) | MS or AP monotherapy/polypharmacy (N=51) | Simple polypharmacy (N=178) | Complex polypharmacy (N=119) | Statistical coefficients | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) years | 43.6 (15.2) | 48.4 (17.7) | 43.1 (15.0) | 42.3 (14.0) | F=3.109 | 0.046 |
Female, N (%) | 209 (60.1) | 30 (58.8) | 105 (59.0) | 74 (62.2) | χ2=0.342 | 0.843 |
Employed, N (%) | 63 (18.1) | 13 (25.5) | 32 (18.0) | 18 (15.1) | χ2=2.590 | 0.274 |
Outpatient, N (%) | 196 (56.3) | 41 (80.4) | 112 (62.0) | 43 (36.1) | χ2=34.876 | <0.0001 |
Duration of illness, N (%)* | χ2=8.279 | 0.602 | ||||
<6 months | 22 (6.7) | 1 (2.2) | 12 (7.2) | 9 (7.9) | ||
6–12 months | 6 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.8) | 3 (2.6) | ||
1–5 years | 49 (15.0) | 6 (13.3) | 23 (13.8) | 20 (17.5) | ||
5–10 years | 75 (23.0) | 10 (22.0) | 46 (27.5) | 19 (16.7) | ||
10–20 years | 87 (26.7) | 14 (31.1) | 41 (24.6) | 32 (28.1) | ||
>20 years | 87 (26.7) | 14 (31.1) | 42 (25.1) | 31 (27.2) | ||
Duration of untreated illness, N (%)† | χ2=24.483 | <0.0001 | ||||
<6 months | 115 (42.4) | 14 (38.9) | 70 (49.0) | 31 (33.7) | ||
6–12 months | 53 (19.6) | 11 (30.6) | 26 (18.2) | 16 (17.4) | ||
1–5 years | 68 (25.1) | 4 (11.1) | 26 (18.2) | 38 (41.3) | ||
>5 years | 35 (12.9) | 7 (19.4) | 21 (14.7) | 7 (7.6) | ||
Polarity at onset, N (%) | χ2=9.657 | 0.008 | ||||
Depressive episode | 78 (32.1) | 15 (46.9) | 42 (37.2) | 21 (21.4) | ||
Manic episode | 165 (67.9) | 17 (53.1) | 71 (62.8) | 77 (78.6) | ||
Current episode, N (%) | ||||||
Depressive episode | 36 (10.3) | 10 (19.6) | 19 (10.7) | 7 (5.9) | χ2=7.294 | 0.026 |
Manic episode | 54 (15.5) | 4 (7.8) | 30 (16.9) | 20 (16.8) | χ2=2.685 | 0.261 |
Mixed episode | 16 (4.6) | 3 (5.9) | 8 (4.5) | 5 (4.2) | χ2=0.239 | 0.887 |
Remission | 215 (61.8) | 30 (58.8) | 104 (58.4) | 81 (68.1) | χ2=3.029 | 0.220 |
Duration of current episode, N (%)‡ | χ2=24.164 | 0.001 | ||||
<1 month | 77 (24.4) | 4 (8.5) | 33 (21.0) | 40 (35.7) | ||
1–3 months | 106 (33.5) | 13 (27.7) | 60 (38.2) | 33 (29.5) | ||
3–6 months | 40 (12.7) | 9 (19.1) | 19 (12.1) | 12 (10.7) | ||
6–12 months | 10 (6.0) | 3 (6.4) | 6 (3.8) | 10 (8.9) | ||
>1 year | 74 (23.4) | 18 (38.3) | 39 (24.8) | 17 (15.2) | ||
Rapid cycling in last 1 year, N (%) | 6 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.7) | 3 (2.5) | χ2=1.342 | 0.511 |
Rapid cycling in lifetime, N (%) | 11 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (3.9) | 4 (3.4) | χ2=2.027 | 0.363 |
Seasonality in last 1 year, N (%) | 11 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (3.4) | 5 (4.2) | χ2=2.111 | 0.348 |
Seasonality in lifetime, N (%) | 11 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (3.9) | 4 (3.4) | χ2=2.027 | 0.363 |
Body mass index, mean (SD) kg/m2 | 24.3 (4.1) | 22.7 (3.6) | 24.6 (4.1) | 24.6 (4.2) | F=4.767 | 0.009 |
Body mass index classification, N (%) | χ2=18.364 | 0.012 | ||||
Underweight | 13 (3.7) | 6 (11.8) | 4 (2.2) | 3 (2.5) | ||
Normal weight | 201 (57.8) | 34 (66.7) | 99 (55.6) | 68 (57.1) | ||
Overweight | 103 (29.6) | 9 (17.6) | 59 (33.1) | 35 (29.4) | ||
Obesity | 31 (8.9) | 2 (3.9) | 16 (9.0) | 13 (10.9) | ||
Antidepressant, N (%) | 64 (18.4) | 22 (34.4) | 29 (16.3) | 13 (10.9) | χ2=25.752 | < 0.0001 |
Anxiolytic, N (%) | 167 (48.0) | 25 (49.0) | 71 (39.9) | 71 (59.7) | χ2=11.201 | 0.004 |
Hypnotic, N (%) | 30 (8.6) | 6 (11.8) | 16 (9.0) | 8 (6.7) | χ2=1.215 | 0.545 |
Anti-parkinson, N (%) | 45 (12.9) | 3 (5.9) | 22 (12.4) | 20 (16.8) | χ2=3.890 | 0.143 |