Psychiatry Investig Search

CLOSE


Psychiatry Investig > Volume 9(2); 2012 > Article
Kawada: Comment on "The Changes of Blood Glucose Control and Lipid Profiles after Short-Term Smoking Cessation in Healthy Males"
Sir,
Lee et al.1 reported the interesting finding that smoking cessation in healthy males was associated with a significant increase of insulin resistance, and speculated that the increase of the body weight following smoking cessation might contribute to the worsening of insulin resistance. They dealt with a small number of subjects and the follow-up period was only 2-months. As opposite results, they cited one report of increase of insulin resistance in 63 normoglycaemic smokers as compared to 21 non-smokers and 35 former smokers with normoglycaemia.2 Cena et al.3 suggest that nicotine, carbon monoxide, and other metabolites derived from nicotine may play important roles in insulin resistance. On this point, Eliasson et al.4 reported that the degree of insulin sensitivity was negatively correlated with the extent of nicotine use, as measured by the plasma cotinine level, in long-trem nicotine gum users (n=20, r=-0.469, p=0.034). In order to clarify these associations, the salivary cotinine and nicotine concentrations of 180 male smokers were measured.
The mean age±standard deviation (range) of the subjects was 42.8±6.2 (33-58). Subjects at a workplace with a current history of treatment for diabetes and/or subjects whose fasting plasma glucose level was ≥140 mg/dL were excluded from the analysis. Sampling of saliva was conducted using Salisoft® (Assist Co. Ltd., Tokyo). The analyses were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography using "CAPCELL PAK MG II C18" (Shiseido Co. Ltd., Tokyo) columns under the 195temperature of 50℃ and wavelength of 262 nm. The detection limits for nicotine and cotinine were 5 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL, respectively. As an indicator of insulin resistance, the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)5 was calculated as follows: HOMA-IR=(Fasting plasma glucose×Fasting serum insulin)/405. Units of glucose and insulin used for the calculation of HOMA-R were mg/dL and µIU/mL, respectively. Bernert et al.6 reported a regression line of salivary cotinine against the serum cotinine as Log10 (salivary cotinine)=0.963×Log10 (serum cotinine)+0.127, with the square value of the correlation coefficient of 0.997.
The main finding was that the log-transformed salivary cotinine and log-transformed salivary nicotine concentrations had no significant relationship with the log-transformed HOMA-IR. The partial correlation coefficients after adjustments for the age and body mass index were -0.056 for salivary cotinine and -0.047 for salivary nicotine, respectively. Thus, it was found using biological indicators of tobacco use, that the relationship between smoking and insulin resistance was weak after adjustment for age and body mass index. Although HOMA-IR is only a substitute indicator of insulin resistance ideally determined by the glucose clamp method, which was adopted by Eliasson et al.4 it is a simple and reliable method to detect insulin resistance in subjects without insulin depletion or insulin treatment.
Numerous factors can affect insulin resistance, and I recommend that the net effect of smoking on insulin resistance should be examined in further detail.

References

1. Lee SS, Seo JS, Kim SR, Jeong JE, Nam BW, Lee JY, et al. The changes of blood glucose control and lipid profiles after short-term smoking cessation in healthy males. Psychiatry Investig 2011;8:149-154.
crossref pmid
2. Daniel M, Cargo MD. Association between smoking, insulin resistance and beta-cell function in a North-western First Nation. Diabet Med 2004;21:188-193. PMID: 14984456.
crossref pmid
3. Cena H, Fonte ML, Turconi G. Relationship between smoking and metabolic syndrome. Nutr Rev 2011;69:745-753. PMID: 22133198.
crossref pmid pdf
4. Eliasson B, Taskinen MR, Smith U. Long-term use of nicotine gum is associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Circulation 1996;94:878-881. PMID: 8790020.
crossref pmid
5. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and b-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412-419. PMID: 3899825.
crossref pmid
6. Bernert JT Jr, McGuffey JE, Morrison MA, Pirkle JL. Comparison of serum and salivary cotinine measurements by a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method as an indicator of exposure to tobacco smoke among smokers and nonsmokers. J Anal Toxicol 2000;24:333-339. PMID: 10926356.
crossref pmid pdf


ABOUT
AUTHOR INFORMATION
ARTICLE CATEGORY

Browse all articles >

BROWSE ARTICLES
Editorial Office
#522, 27, Seochojungang-ro 24-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06601, Korea
Tel: +82-2-717-0892    E-mail: psychiatryinvest@gmail.com                

Copyright © 2024 by Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.

Developed in M2PI

Close layer
prev next