Co-Administration of Subeffective Anxiolytic Doses of Diazepam and Hydroxyzine in Elevated Zero-Maze in Mice
Article information
Abstract
Objective
Benzodiazepines are from the most common drugs which are used for treatment of anxiety disorders. There are other drugs with antianxiety properties including antihistamines such as hydroxyzine, too. Body of evidence show that co-administration of two drugs which act through different mechanisms, makes the dose of each drug to be reduced, while preserving the desired effect with less adverse drug reactions. The aim of this study was to see whether co-administration of subeffective antianxiety doses of diazepam and hydroxyzine has any antianxiety effect in elevated zero-maze (EZM) in mice.
Methods
To find the highest subeffective dose of each drug, different doses of hydroxyzine from 1.5 to 24 mg/kg and diazepam in doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg were injected to male mice. Thirty minutes later, the animals were placed on EZM and various parameters of anxiety were recorded by a camera to assess later. After determination of subeffective antianxiety dose of the drugs, co-administration of hydroxyzine and diazepam was done and the anxiety parameters were measured.
Results
In co-administration of 0.25 mg/kg of diazepam and 12 mg/kg hydroxyzine, as subeffective antianxiety doses of either drug, there were not any significant differences in main anxiety parameters, i.e., time spent in open areas and open area entries compared to control group. Hence, no anxiolytic effect was seen.
Conclusion
It seems that subeffective doses of diazepam and hydroxyzine may not have any facilitating or synergistic effect on each other in antianxiety responses in mice.
INTRODUCTION
Anxiety is a major symptom of many psychiatric disorders and almost always is present in surgical and serious medical conditions. In pharmacotherapy of anxiety, benzodiazepines and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the mainly used drugs. Benzodiazepines are mostly useful in patients who have acute anxiety reactions due to their medical or psychiatric disease. Other drugs such as histaminic receptor-1 antagonists including hydroxyzine and diphenhydramine also have antianxiety properties.1
There are concerns about the potential for habituation, tolerance and abuse of benzodiazepines. In addition, these drugs can impair cognition and motor function, especially in the elderly, who may experience confusion, delirium and falls leading to fractures with lots of morbidity and mortality.1 Hence, reduction of these adverse effects would be of great concern. To achieve this goal, one of the strategies could be drug combination therapy, which is used frequently in situations where additive or synergistic responses are desired. In some instances, therapeutic effects are seen with submaximal doses of drugs when co-administered, with fewer side effects.2 In anxiolysis, there is also evidence of effective antianxiety activity in animals when subeffective doses of antianxiety drugs are co-administered.3-5
In this study, we examined the anxiolytic effect of subeffective doses of diazepam and hydroxyzine in concert, to achieve the desired effective response in mice.
METHODS
Animals
Male NMRI mice from a local breeding centre weighing 25-30 g were group-housed four per cage with controlled room temperature of 22-25 degrees. They were maintained on a 12 : 12 light-dark cycle and had access to food and water ad libitum. Tests were performed after one day of acclimatization to the above environment. All experiments were carried out between 09 : 00 and 13 : 00 h. Each mouse was tested once on the elevated zero-maze (EZM).
All procedures were conducted in accordance with the internationally accepted principles for laboratory animal use and care. The ethics code designated to this research from the ethical committee of Kerman Neuroscience Research Center was EC/KNRC/86-21.
Elevated zero-maze
The EZM has been designed in accordance with the original description of Shepherd et al.6 with a little modification. Briefly, the apparatus comprised of an annular track (width 5 cm) with inner diameter of 40 cm, divided into two opposite, open quadrants and two opposite, closed quadrants (height of the side walls was 15 cm). The open parts have borders (height 2 mm) for guiding the animal and preventing from falling. To measure the distance which animal travel on the apparatus, each open and closed area was divided into 10 equal parts by drawing fine lines.
All parts of the apparatus were made of wood, and the entire maze was elevated 40 cm above the floor. Testing was conducted in a quiet room that was illuminated with four ceiling-mounted, 40-watt, fluorescent light bulbs.
Experimental design
To begin a test session, mice were placed on the end of the open area facing the closed area designated as the starting point and were allowed to investigate the zero maze for a period of 5 min. During this time, several anxiety-related variables were recorded by a webcam connected to a computer to analyze later. These parameters included the time spent in open area, the number of entries into open area, the number of head dippings over the border of open area, the number of stretch attend postures from closed area into the open area and the total distance traveled by each mouse on the EZM (by counting the number of fine lines on the apparatus crossed by animals, and turning the results into centimeter).
Drug administration
First, the anxiolytic dose of each drug was determined. Hydroxyzine (Darupakhsh, Iran) at the doses of 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 12, 15, 18 and 24 mg/kg (8 groups) were dissolved in normal saline and administered intraperitoneally. For preparation of diazepam solution, one to two drops of Tween 80 (Merck, Germany) were added to normal saline and then diazepam (Chemidaru, Iran) was added and dissolved. The doses of diazepam used were 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg (subcutaneously). Thirty minutes after injections, the animals were placed on the EZM.
After determination of the highest sub-anxiolytic dose of either drug, both drugs were administered simultaneously by different routes (intraperitoneally and subcutaneously, respectively for hydroxyzine and diazepam), and the relevant solvents were injected to another group of animals as the control group through the same routes as the main drugs. Thirty minutes later, the animals were tested as previously described.
In all experiments, at least 6 animals were used in each group.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, or where applicable, Kruskal-Wallis test. If there was a significant difference (p<0.05), Holm-Sidak or Dunn's methods were used, respectively. The outliers were excluded by Smirnov-Gravus' rejection test. The statistical software used was Sigmastat 3.1.
RESULTS
As is seen in Table 1, different doses of hydroxyzine, did not make any significant differences in the number of entries into open area, the time spent in open area, the number of head dip-pings and the number of stretch attend postures compared to the control group. The total distance traveled in the three higher doses (15, 18 and 24 mg/kg) was significantly less than the control group (p<0.01, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). In addition, animals in these three groups were motionless in a crouching position for rather a long period of time.
Effect of different doses of hydroxyzine on various parameters of anxiety
In animals which received 0.5 mg/kg diazepam (Table 2), there was a significant difference in the number of entries into open area and the time spent in open area compared to the control group (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). Animals that received the highest dose (1 mg/kg) showed a significant increase in the time spent in open area and the number of stretch attend postures compared to the control animals (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively).
Effect of different doses of diazepam on various parameters of anxiety
Animals which received both hydroxyzine (12 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.25 mg/kg) did not show any differences in the number of entries into open area, the time spent in open area and the total distance traveled compared to their controls (Table 3). However, the number of head dippings was significantly less (p<0.05) and the number of stretch attend postures was significantly more than the control group (p<0.05).
Effect of co-administration of 12 mg/kg hydroxyzine and 0.25 mg/kg diazepam on various parameters of anxiety
DISCUSSION
In this study, the effect of co-administration of subeffective doses of two antianxiety agents, hydroxyzine and diazepam, that exert their anxiolytic effect through different mechanisms, was studied. First, the lowest antianxiety dose of each drug was determined. In the case of hydroxyzine, Gladney et al.7 had investigated the anxiolytic effect of different doses of hydroxyzine (1, 4, 7 and 10 mg/kg) in mice, and only 1 mg/kg of hydroxyzine had shown the antianxiety property. Hence, we started with the dose of 1.5 mg/kg which seemed to be anxiolytic according to that study; however, this dose did not show any antianxiety effect. Then the higher doses (3, 4.5, 6 and 12 mg/kg) were studied consecutively, and all of them showed no anxiolytic activity. After doubling the last dose, i.e., administration of 24 mg/kg, the animals' locomotor activity, as was evident by the total distance traveled, was declined dramatically and the mice appeared sleepy. Then the mean dose between 12 and 24 mg/kg (i.e., 18 mg/kg) was chosen and the experiment repeated. A reduction in mice locomotor activity and drowsiness was seen again. When the mean dose between 18 and 12 was selected, the same results with 24 and 18 mg/kg were observed (Table 1), without any significant changes in other anxiety parameters.
In humans, hydroxyzine exerts its antianxiety effect at doses of about 400 mg/day, which lead to marked sedation.1 It could be concluded that the anxiolytic and the hypnotic doses of hydroxyzine are very close to each other. Hence, in our study, the doses of 15, 18 and 24 mg/kg of hydroxyzine which made animals sleepy, were supposed to be anxiolytic, which was opposite to what Gladney et al.7 had reported, but close to the results of some other studies which indicated that the anxiolytic dose of hydroxyzine in rats is at least 8 mg/kg,8,9 and in mice should be greater than 4 mg/kg.10 Consequently, the dose of 12 mg/kg was determined as the highest dose which did not have an antianxiety effect, and was selected as the subeffective dose for the rest of the experiment.
For determination of the subeffective dose of diazepam, the experiment began with 1 mg/kg diazepam, which was proved to be anxiolytic in mice in many studies11-13 as well as our previous experiments. This dose was proved to be antianxiety, since the time spent in open area was increased and the number of stretch attend postures was decreased significantly compared to controls (Table 2). Then this dose was halved and the experiment was done by 0.5 mg/kg diazepam. The time spent in open area and the number of entries into open area was increased significantly compared to the control group, so this dose was also anxiolytic (as in other previous studies14,15). There were no changes in anxiety parameters when diazepam at the dose of 0.25 mg/kg was tested. Hence, this dose was selected as the subeffective dose of diazepam.
The main part of the experiment was done by administration of 12 mg/kg hydroxyzine and 0.25 mg/kg diazepam simultaneously. The two major anxiety parameters, the time spent in open area and the number of entries into open area did not change when both drugs were co-administered, indicated on absence of anxiolysis. Meanwhile, both the number of head dippings and the number of stretch attend postures were increased significantly compared to the control group. Although an increase in the number of head dippings indicates in anxiolysis, the number of stretch attend postures increment shows an anxiogenic effect. Hence, it seems a paradoxical result has been obtained. However, these are minor anxiety parameters and the number of entries into open area and the time spent in open area are the most reported and putative anxiety indices, and overshadow the results of the number of head dippings and the number of stretch attend postures. Co-administration of hydroxyzine and diazepam had no effect on locomotor activity of mice as was evident by the lack of significant changes in the total distance traveled (Table 3). From all above, it seems that at subeffective doses, co-administration of these two agents did not have an antianxiety property in mice. In the work of Gladney et al.,7 concurrent administration of hydroxyzine and chloral hydrate did not result in additive or synergistic anxiolytic effect, either. However, there are reports that the co-administration of subeffective doses of some drugs does have anxiolytic properties. Xu et al.3 have reported that the subeffective dose of baicalin, a naturally occurring flavonoid with anxiolytic-like effect, has additive response with the subeffective dose of diazepam. Similarly, concurrent administration of subeffective doses of Withania somnifera with antianxiety activity and ethanol,16 subeffective doses of magnesium and diazepam or chlordiazepoxide,5 Naloxone, which does not have the antianxiety property by itself, used with subeffective doses of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and buspirone,17 resulted in additive or synergistic effects.
There are also some reports that in anxiolysis, different systems can have facilitating effects on each other. Serotonergic system, through serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, has shown to facilitate the action of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in alleviating anxiety.4 Hydroxyzine, in addition to its antihistaminic properties, has antimuscarinic effects,18,19 which may be responsible for its sedative effects,20 although its antianxiety effect is also attributed to histamine-1 receptor blockage.19 Hence both antihistaminic and anticholinergic properties of hydroxyzine, alone or in combination, may be involved in its sedative effect. Although it is clear that the concurrent use of therapeutic doses of hydroxyzine and other central nervous system depressants produces an additive effect in sedation, which can even lead to the impairment of motor function;20 however, using subeffective doses of diazepam and hydroxyzine together may not have the facilitating effect on each other. According to our results, it seems that neither antihistaminic, nor antimuscarinic properties of hydroxyzine have facilitatory effect on GABAergic system in anxiolysis in mice.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by grant number 86-21/A from Neuroscience Research Center of Kerman University of Medical Sciences.