Psychiatry Investig Search

CLOSE


Psychiatry Investig > Volume 18(8); 2021 > Article
Yang, Choi, Kim, Oh, Park, Cheong, and Hwang: Incidence and Direct Medical Cost of Adjustment Disorder and in Korea Using National Health Insurance Service Claims Data From 2011 to 2017

Abstract

Objective

We aimed to investigate the annual incidence and direct medical cost of adjustment disorder in general population using the National Health Insurance Service Database (NHID) in Korea.

Methods

To examine the incidence, we selected patients who had at least one medical claim for adjustment disorder and had not been diagnosed in the previous 365 days, from 2010 to 2017.

Results

The number of newly diagnosed cases of adjustment disorder from 2011 to 2017 were total 101,922. Annual incidence of adjustment disorder was ranged from 22.0 to 36.8 per 100,000 persons. The incidence of adjustment disorder was found more in female and highest among 70-79 years of age group and medical aid beneficiaries group. Annual prevalence of adjustment disorder was in the range from 95.4 to 116.4 per 100,000 persons. Estimated annual medical cost per person of adjustment disorder was ranged from 162 to 231.4 US dollars.

Conclusion

From 2011 to 2017, the annual incidence and direct medical cost of adjustment disorder in Korea were increased. Proper information on adjustment disorder will not only allows us to accumulate more knowledge but also lead to more appropriate therapeutic interventions.

INTRODUCTION

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th edition (DSM-5), adjustment disorder is defined by the development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor occurring within 3 months of the onset [1]. These symptoms or behaviors are clinically significant with marked distress that is out of proportion to the severity or the intensity of stressor and with significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Subtypes of adjustment disorder may include depressed mood, anxiety, disturbance of conduct, and any combinations of such symptoms. Since adjustment disorder was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 3rd edition (DSM-III) in 1980 and International Classification of Disease, 10th edition (ICD-10) in 1993 [2,3], it has been regarded as one of the most frequently diagnosed mental disorders in clinical practice [4]. However, it has not received enough academic attention, which would cause the exact nature of adjustment disorder to be remained unknown. In addition, it has been known that adjustment was often unrecognized [5].
In general, adjustment disorder seemed to be very prevalent in primary care settings where the long-term impact of illness and related psychosocial problems were common. In a population-based study in old age groups, a point prevalence of adjustment disorder was 2.3% [6]. In a recent study which was performed to develop a diagnostic instrument for adjustment disorder in 323 individuals claiming disability benefit after 2 years of sickness absence due to any medical conditions, the prevalence of adjustment disorder was 7.4% [7]. In addition, a point prevalence of adjustment disorder was found in 15.4% of patients in palliative care settings and in 19.4% of patients in hemato-oncological care settings, respectively [8]. However, none of previous major epidemiological studies including the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study, the National Comorbidity Survey, and the Household Survey have included adjustment disorders [9-11], although it was already suggested that adjustment disorders are common in general population since formal criteria of adjustment disorder were established [2,3].
Thus, there were only a few studies regarding the prevalence of adjustment disorder in general population. Using the Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN), Casey et al. [12] estimated the prevalence of adjustment disorder was 0.3%. Using a questionnaire including a life events checklist and self-rating items regarding symptoms of adjustment disorder and symptom duration, Maercker et al. [13] reported that the prevalence of adjustment disorder ranged from 0.9% to 1.4% according to clinical impairment. To our best of knowledge, there have been no studies regarding the annual incidence and direct medical costs of adjustment disorder in general population. As adjustment disorder is common diagnosis in a primary care setting and can be best treated by members of multidisciplinary team in psychiatric clinic with appropriate skills [14], there would be a need for comprehensive information regarding adjustment disorder across primary care settings.
The National Health Insurance Database (NHID) which is a public database operated by the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) was founded in 2012 and have contained almost all medical claims data in Korea [15]. NHID have provided information on not only health care utilization but also health screening, socio-demographics, dates of death, and Korean Standard Classification of Diseases (KCD) diagnostic codes, which has been based on ICD-10 [3]. Given the scarcity of previous reports regarding the incidence, the prevalence, and the economic burden of adjustment disorder, NHID would be an important resource for examining the epidemiology of adjustment disorder. The current study was performed in order to ascertain the number of people who were newly diagnosed with adjustment disorder annually from 2011 to 2017, and to estimate direct medical cost in people with adjustment disorder.

METHODS

Data sources

Data from NHIS were used for this study [15]. NHIS is the single insurer in South Korea, operated by the South Korean government. We used the database of NHIS where the database is structured with health service utilization, regular health checkup, economic status based on national health insurance premium, age, and etc. In NHID, there could be 10 diagnosis that consisted of 1 main diagnosis and 9 sub-diagnosis, which were made by clinicians according to the diagnosis criteria in the ICD-10. In addition, the database further provides insurance types, consisted of insured employees, self-employed individuals, medical aid beneficiaries). For detailed analyses, socio-economic status of self-employed individuals and insured employees were categorized by 5 groups (e.g., very low, low, middle, high, and very high as income level) according to the quintiles of their income. In case of missing cases in gender and age, we excluded them from analysis. All costs were presented in US dollar (USD) using the exchange rates in 2017 from Statistics Korea [16].

Case definition

Adjustment disorders were defined using the ICD-10 in which it is coded as F43.2 [3]. We chose patients with the code of F43.2 as their main diagnosis in the NHID from 2011 to 2017.

Incidence rates of adjustment disorder

From 2011 to 2017, annual incidence of adjustment disorder per 100,000 persons was estimated by dividing the number of patients with adjustment disorder by the number of total population in South Korea. Patients were defined as valid when they had track records of visiting or inpatient admissions with adjustment disorder. Those who had any records of adjustment disorder within a year were excluded.

Prevalence rates of adjustment disorder

Annual prevalence of adjustment disorder was calculated from 2011 to 2017. To estimate the prevalence per 100,000 persons, the number of patients with adjustment disorder was also divided by the number of total population of South Korea according to records of visiting outpatient clinics or inpatient admissions.

Estimation of direct medical costs of adjusment disorder

The direct medical costs of adjustment disorder were estimated by summing both costs of outpatient visits and inpatient admissions. The total medical costs were divided by the number of population of South Korea to estimate the total medical costs per a person. The direct medical costs were calculated on the basis of a prevalence-based approach and converted to USD (exchange rate 1,071 Korean Won=1 USD in 2017). Statistical analysis (SAS ver. 9.2; SAS institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was employed for all statistical analyses.

Ethics statement

A research ethics was award by the Institutional Review Board of Kangwon University Hospital (IRB No. 2018-09-008-003). An informed consent from patients was not required due to the nature of public data from NHIS.

RESULTS

From 2011 to 2017, total number of patients with adjustment disorder and the incidence of adjustment disorder were increased consistently. The number of newly diagnosed patients were 11,029 in 2011 and reached to 18,850 in 2017. In addition, the annual incidence of adjustment disorder was 22.0 per 100,000 persons in 2011 and 36.8 per 100,000 persons in 2017. During this period, the number of patients and the annual incidence in female were higher than those in male (Table 1).
The incidence of adjustment disorder according to age groups was presented in Table 2. The highest number of newly diagnosed patients were found in 50-59 years of age group. However, considering cumulative number of population from 2011 to 2017 in each age group, the incidence was highest in 70-79 years of age group.
The incidence of adjustment disorder according to insurance types was presented in Table 3. The highest number of newly diagnosed patients were found in self-employed individuals group. However, the incidence of adjustment disorder was highest in medical aid beneficiaries group, as the number of patients was divided by cumulative number of population from 2011 to 2017 in each group.
When we divided patients with adjustment disorder into 6 groups by income (i.e., very high, high, middle, low, very low, and medical aid beneficiaries group), the number of patients was highest in very high income group and lowest in medical aid beneficiaries group (Figure 1). Although the order of the number of patients by year seemed to be mixed in part, high number of patients was found in order of very high income group, high income group, middle income group, very low income group, low income group, and medical aid beneficiaries group in 2017 (Figure 1). As the exact number of population in any groups by years was not available, the changes in the incidence of adjustment disorder in each 6 group could not be calculated.
We also estimated prevalence and direct medical cost of patients with adjustment disorder from 2011 to 2017. The number of all patients with adjustment disorder and the prevalence of adjustment disorder in 2017 were higher than those in 2011. In addition, annual prevalence of adjustment disorder was in the range from 95.4 to 116.4 per 100,000 persons. Higher number of all patients and higher prevalence were found in order of 2017, 2016, 2012, 2011, 2015, 2013, and 2014, respectively. Total direct medical cost of adjustment disorder was continuously increased except 2015 and the total direct medical cost per person was 231.4 USD in 2017. Most direct medical cost was claimed by outpatient clinics and inpatient unit from psychiatric department (Table 4).

DISCUSSION

To our best of knowledge, the current study is the first one reporting the annual incidence of adjustment disorder in general population. From 2011 to 2017, the annual incidence of adjustment disorder in Korea was in the range from 22.0 to 36.8 per 100,000 persons and increased continuously. During the same period, the annual prevalence rate of adjustment disorder was 106.4 per persons in 2011 and reached to 116.4 per 100,000 persons. These increases may be partly explained by increased perception of stress as common one that should be managed properly in Korea [17], although social stigma towards mental illness has been still present [18]. The annual prevalence of adjustment disorder in general population in the current study is lower than expected from the results of previous study in general population [12,13]. This difference might be caused by study methods and biased sample. Because the results in the current study was derived from claims data, only those who intended to be diagnosed and treated would be included as patients in NHID. Considering remained social stigma towards mental illness [18], it seemed that most patients those experience significant stress should tolerate and would remain untreated. In addition, some patients would be treated by psychosocial treatment outside medical settings (e.g., work-related counselling centers in their workplaces, private counselling centers, public counselling centers, etc.).
There has been no previous studies regarding annual incidence of adjustment disorder, although the prevalence of adjustment disorder in general population has been estimated in a few studies. In Casey et al.’s study [12], 14,387 adults aged between 18 and 64 from 5 countries including Ireland, Britain, Norway, Finland, Spain were screened by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) with the cut-off score of 13. Those scoring 13 and more in BDI were interviewed using the Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) in which ICD-10 diagnosis of adjustment disorder could be made. After these 2 stage screening method was administered, in approximately 6,800 individuals, the overall weighted prevalence of adjustment disorder was 0.3%. In this study, it seemed that adjustment disorder was found more in rural area, female, not single, and aged 30 and more groups, respectively. In Maercker et al.’s [13] study, 2,511 participants aged between 14 and 93 in Germany were evaluated using questionnaires including life-events checklist in which 7 types of acute stressful events (e.g., divorce, moving, etc.) and 10 types of chronic stressors (e.g., conflict with neighbors, serious illness, etc.) could be assessed and self-rating items regarding symptoms of adjustment disorder and symptom duration, and impairment. They reported that 0.9% of the sample could be diagnosed with adjustment disorder with the impairment criteria and that 1.4% was diagnosed with adjustment disorder unfulfilling the impairment criteria. In this study, adjustment disorder was found more in female. In addition, higher prevalence rates were found in order of middle-aged adults, older adults, and young adults, respectively.
In partial accordance with these results [12,13], the number of patients and the incidence rate in female was higher than those in male in the current study. While the number of newly diagnosed was highest in 50-59 years of age group, actual incidence rate was highest in 70-79 years of age group in the current study when we took into account the cumulative number of population in each group. As the number of elderly population has been increased rapidly in last decades in Korea, it was expected that it would take 18 years to be changed from an aging society to an aged society from 2000 to 2018 [19,20]. In addition, the economic poverty despite of increase in economic activity participation and separation from original family members in elderly population has been increased recently [21]. All these change seemed to be significant stressors which were related to the increase in the annual incidence of adjustment disorder in elderly population.
Similarly, although the highest number of newly diagnosed patients with adjustment disorder were also found in self-employed individuals, highest incidence rate was also found in medical beneficiaries group, taking into account the cumulative number of population. When we divided patients with adjustment disorder into 6 groups by income for detailed analyses, while the number of patients was highest in very high income group and lowest in medical aid beneficiaries group consistently, higher number of patients was found in order of very high income group, high income group, middle income group, very low income group, low income group, and medical aid beneficiaries group in 2017. Considering the number of population in each 5 income quintile groups was approximately 7 times more than that in medical beneficiaries group, we could speculate that actual incidence of adjustment in medical beneficiaries group was also highest among 6 groups.
These results seemed to be in partial accordance with results from a recent study using the 11th revision of the International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) [22] criteria of adjustment disorder. In 330 individuals who had job loss with involuntary causes, the unsatisfactory financial situation of the household of the participants was associated with a full adjustment diagnosis [23]. This may be partly explained by the nature of stressors in adjustment disorder, as financial adversities were also one of significant stressor which could cause adjustment disorder in those who had vulnerabilities [22].
In the current study, annual direct medical cost of adjustment disorder was continuously increased except 2015 and annual direct medical cost per person was reached 231.4 US dollars in 2017. Most direct medical cost was claimed by outpatient clinics and inpatient unit from psychiatric department. To our best of knowledge, this is the first study estimating the direct medical cost in adjustment disorder in general population.
There were a few limitations in the current study. As the current study used claims data from hospitals, patients who began treatment outside of a hospital were not included. The results of the current study would not reflect the precise incidence of adjustment disorder. In addition, as the current study was based on rather diagnostic codes recorded in claims data than standard interviews, diagnostic scales, and laboratory data, the diagnostic validity could be low and biased. Nevertheless, considering relatively lack of evidences in adjustment disorder in general population, the current study has the strength to examine the diagnosed incidence for adjustment disorder using data recorded by physician in representative of the national population.
As global interest in stressor and related symptoms has been growing recently, proper information on adjustment disorder will not only allows us to accumulate more knowledge about these disorders themselves but also lead to more appropriate therapeutic interventions by improving the ability to cope with stressor-related symptoms and adversities. As the incidence and direct medical cost of adjustment were increased despite of social stigma, public education regarding identification and management of stress and its related sequelae as well as evidence-based treatment in medical settings should be provided.

Notes

Availability of Data and Material

The datasets generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: Kyo-Jin Yang, In-Hwan Oh, Saengryeol Park, Seung-Mi Choi, Jun-Won Hwang. Data curation: Kyo-Jin Yang, Si-Young Kim, In-Hwan Oh, Saengryeol Park, Jun-Won Hwang. Formal analysis: In-Hwan Oh, Saengryeol Park, Hyeon-Kyoung Cheong. Funding acquisition: Jun-Won Hwang. Investigation: Kyo-Jin Yang, Si-Young Kim, In-Hwan Oh, Saengryeol Park, Seung-Mi Choi, Jun-Won Hwang. Methodology: In-Hwan Oh, Saengryeol Park, Jun-Won Hwang. Project administration: Kyo-Jin Yang, Si-Young Kim, In-Hwan Oh, Saengryeol Park, Seung-Mi Choi, Jun-Won Hwang. Software: Saengryeol Park, Hyeon-Kyoung Cheong. Validation: Kyo-Jin Yang, Si-Young Kim, In-Hwan Oh, Saengryeol Park, Seung-Mi Choi, Jun-Won Hwang. Writing—original draft: Kyo-Jin Yang, In-Hwan Oh, Saengryeol Park, Jun-Won Hwang. Writing—review & editing: Kyo-Jin Yang, Si-Young Kim, In-Hwan Oh, Saengryeol Park, Seung-Mi Choi, Jun-Won Hwang.

Funding Statement

This study was supported by 2019 Research Grant from Kangwon National University (Grant No. 520190041). We also thank the NHIS for access to the claims database.

Figure 1.
Incidence of adjustment disorders in South Korea from 2011 to 2017 by economic status (per 100,000 persons).
pi-2020-0440f1.jpg
Table 1.
Number of patients and incidence of adjustment disorders in South Korea from 2011 to 2017 (per 100,000 persons)
Year Number of newly diagnosed male patients Incidence in male (per 100,000 persons) Number of newly diagnosed female patients Incidence in female (per 100,000 persons) Total number of newly diagnosed patients Incidence in general population (per 100,000 persons) Number of total male population Number of total female population Number of total population
2011 4,569 18.2 6,460 25.8 11,029 22.0 25,081,788 25,029,688 50,111,476
2012 5,400 21.4 7,544 30.0 12,944 25.7 25,187,494 25,157,831 50,345,325
2013 5,570 22.0 7,759 30.7 13,329 26.4 25,282,928 25,276,024 50,558,952
2014 5,914 23.3 8,129 32.0 14,043 27.7 25,374,486 25,388,672 50,763,158
2015 6,697 26.3 8,681 34.1 15,378 30.2 25,458,058 25,493,662 50,951,720
2016 7,235 28.3 9,114 35.6 16,349 32.0 25,527,815 25,585,157 51,112,972
2017 8,464 33.1 10,386 40.5 18,850 36.8 25,576,752 25,653,952 51,230,704
Table 2.
Number of patients and incidence of adjustment disorders in South Korea from 2011 to 2017 by age groups
Age Number of newly diagnosed patients Incidence (per 100,000 persons) Cumulative number of population from 2011 to 2017
0-9 1,095 3.4 32,306,397
10-19 10,248 24.1 42,511,005
20-29 12,680 27.2 46,650,614
30-39 12,554 22.9 54,830,517
40-49 17,701 29.0 61,129,933
50-59 19,921 36.1 55,226,437
60-69 14,435 44.2 32,655,585
70-79 10,058 47.5 21,169,723
≥80 3,230 37.6 8,594,095
Table 3.
Number of patients and incidence of adjustment disorders in South Korea from 2011 to 2017 by insurance type (per 100,000 persons)
Insurance types Number of newly diagnosed patients Incidence (per 100,000 persons) Cumulative number of population from 2011 to 2017
Medical aid beneficiaries 8,162 77.3 10,555,637
Self-employed individuals 63,893 61.6 103,693,069
Insured employees 29,867 12.1 247,768,522
Table 4.
Medical costs and prevalence of adjustment disorders in South Korea from 2011 to 2017
Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Number of all patients 53,312 54,197 48,438 48,406 49,982 55,391 59,607
Prevalence (per 100,000 persons) 106.4 107.7 95.8 95.4 98.1 108.4 116.4
Total cost 8,645,443 9,271,468 9,337,028 9,737,713 9,607,181 10,709,996 13,792,781
Outpatient (psychiatry) 6,225,166 6,738,505 6,656,555 6,995,091 7,099,200 8,028,755 11,062,588
Outpatient(non-psychiatry) 502,400 532,870 556,762 598,096 562,140 585,997 138,262
Inpatient (psychiatry) 1,678,388 1,649,473 1,751,833 1,798,931 1,683,796 1,830,196 2,294,695
Inpatient (non-psychiatry) 239,488 350,618 371,877 345,596 262,046 265,048 297,236
Total cost (per person) 162 171 193 201 192 193 231.4

1 US dollar=1,152 Korean won (mean exchange rate in 2011); 1,071 (2012); 1,055 (2013); 1,099 (2014); 1,173 (2015); 1,208 (2016); 1,071 (2017) [16]

REFERENCES

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th Ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 1980.

3. World Health Organization (WHO). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993.

4. Bachem R, Casey P. Adjustment disorder: A diagnosis whose time has come. J Affect Disord 2018;227:243-253.
crossref pmid
5. Casey P. Adjustment disorder: new developments. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2014;16:451
crossref pmid
6. Maercker A, Forstmeier S, Enzler A, Krüsi G, Hörler E, Maier C, et al. Adjustment disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depressive disorders in old age: findings from a community survey. Compr Psychiatry 2008;49:113-120.
crossref pmid
7. Cornelius LR, Brouwer S, de Boer MR, Groothoff JW, van der Klink JJ. Development and validation of the Diagnostic Interview Adjustment Disorder (DIAD). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2014;23:192-207.
crossref pmid pmc
8. Mitchell AJ, Chan M, Bhatti H, Halton M, Grassi L, Johansen C, et al. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder in oncological, haematological, and palliative-care settings: a meta-analysis of 94 interview-based studies. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:160-174.
crossref pmid
9. Myers JK, Weissman MM, Tischler GL, Holzer CE 3rd, Leaf PJ, Orvaschel H, et al. Six-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities 1980 to 1982. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:959-967.
crossref pmid
10. Jenkins R, Lewis G, Bebbington P, Brugha T, Farrell M, Gill B, et al. The National Psychiatric Morbidity surveys of Great Britain--initial findings from the household survey. Psychol Med 1997;27:775-789.
crossref pmid
11. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:8-19.
crossref pmid
12. Casey P, Maracy M, Kelly BD, Lehtinen V, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Dalgard OS, et al. Can adjustment disorder and depressive episode be distinguished? Results from ODIN. J Affect Disord 2006;92:291-297.
crossref pmid
13. Maercker A, Forstmeier S, Pielmaier L, Spangenberg L, Brähler E, Glaesmer H. Adjustment disorders: prevalence in a representative nationwide survey in Germany. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2012;47:1745-1752.
crossref pmid
14. Casey P. Adjustment disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. CNS Drugs 2009;23:927-938.
crossref pmid
15. Seong SC, Kim YY, Khang YH, Heon Park J, Kang HJ, Lee H, et al. Data resource profile: the National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea. Int J Epidemiol 2017;46:799-800.
pmid
16. Ministry of Economy and Finance. Currency exchange statistical survey. Available at: http://www.index.go.kr/potal/stts/idxMain/selectPoSttsIdxSearch.do?idx_cd=1068. Updated 2020. Accessed Sep 30, 2020.

17. Cha KT, Kim IW, Koh SB, Hyun SJ, Park JH, Park JK, et al. The association of occupational stress with self-perceived fatigue in white collar employees. Korean J Occup Environ Med 2008;20:182-192.
crossref
18. Park JI, Jeon M. The stigma of mental illness in Korea. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2016;55:299-309.
crossref
19. Choi Y. South Korea’s Unique Demography and Social Risks. In: Yang JJ, Klassen T, editor. Retirement, Work, and Pensions in Ageing Korea. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2010, p. 36-46.

20. Statistics Korea. Statistics of the Elderly. Daejon: Statistics Korea; 2011.

21. Choi YJ. Current Status and Challenges of the Elderly Welfare Policy. Sejong: Korean Legislation Research Institute; 2011.

22. World Health Organization (WHO). The ICD-11 Reference Guide. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.

23. Perkonigg A, Lorenz L, Maercker A. Prevalence and correlates of ICD-11 adjustment disorder: Findings from the Zurich Adjustment Disorder Study. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2018;18:209-217.
crossref pmid pmc


ABOUT
AUTHOR INFORMATION
ARTICLE CATEGORY

Browse all articles >

BROWSE ARTICLES
Editorial Office
#522, 27, Seochojungang-ro 24-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06601, Korea
Tel: +82-2-717-0892    E-mail: psychiatryinvest@gmail.com                

Copyright © 2024 by Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.

Developed in M2PI

Close layer
prev next