INTRODUCTION
Somatic symptoms that cannot be explained by a physical examination are termed "medically unexplained symptoms" (MUS).1,2 Tinnitus and dizziness are examples of MUS. Individuals with MUS often visit an otolaryngology clinic to seek treatment. Depression has been implicated as a major comorbidity in patients with chronic otolaryngologic MUS.1 Although the prevalence of depression among all otolaryngological patients has been reported to range from 10-26%,3,4 the exact prevalence of depression among patients with otolaryngological MUS is uncertain.
We previously reported that depression may be difficult to diagnose in otolaryngology patients with MUS.5 In fact, it has been reported that 73.5% of patients with major depression complain of somatic rather than psychiatric symptom;6 this phenomenon is known as "masked depression." Here, we report a case of suspected perilymph fistula with severe depression, which was successfully treated with antidepressants and vestibular rehabilitation.
CASE
A 68-year-old woman presented with frequent vertigo spells and long-standing dizziness accompanied by right-sided tinnitus after acute sensorineural hearing loss in the right ear several months before. When the patient was 24 years old, her left ear was surgically treated for chronic otitis media. Her pure tone audiometry (PTA) score as measured on her first visit revealed bilateral mixed hearing loss (Figure 1). An otoscopic examination of her left ear revealed the finding of postoperative tympanic membrane without any evidence of active inflammation and the enlargement of external auditory canal. The right ear was normal in appearance. However, when an otoscope was inserted in her right ear, the patient immediately complained of dizziness. She then admitted to feeling dizzy whenever she put her finger in her right ear. It was assumed that insertion of the otoscope exerted positive pressure to the external auditory canal and thereby provoked subjective dizziness. A charge-coupled device (CCD) camera was used to record all subsequent observations. The application of negative air pressure to the patient's right external auditory canal induced nystagmus toward the right side as well as a dizzy sensation. The patient also felt dizzy when changing her body position, but this sensation was not associated with apparent nystagmus.7 The patient also complained of tinnitus, which she characterized as similar to the sound of water streaming. The caloric test with ENG indicated canal paralysis of 35% in right ear with 20 degree water irrigation. Temporal bone CT did not reveal any findings of pneumolabyrinth or aerolabyrinth. There were no traumatic events to cause perilymph fistula, e.g., excessive pressure changes to the inner ear such as in deep-water diving, head trauma, or an extremely loud noise, etc. From these clinical findings we could not completely rule out the possibility of underlying idiopathic perilymph fistula.
An exploratory tympanotomy was conducted under general anesthesia. During the procedure, the leakage of perilymph was suspected in the round window under the microscope. However, in fact, the leakage of perilymph fluid was not confirmed by an increase of intracranial pressure by postural change (head-down position) or an increase of chest pressure. The tympanic space was irrigated with 0.1 cc of saline. The irrigation solution was collected in order to measure the level of cochlin-tomoprotein (CTP)-a common perilymph marker.8 The oval and round windows were sealed to the temporal fascia with fibrin glue.
After the procedure, the patient's tinnitus, finger-induced vertigo, and nystagmus resolved completely. This marked improvement of symptoms suggested that her complaints had stemmed from a perilymph fistula. However, a definitive diagnosis of perilymph fistula was not possible without positive CTP results.
Although the surgery seemed to relieve most of the patient's symptoms, she still experienced her constant dizziness, which prevented her full engagement in social activities. In addition, the patient did not regain any hearing in her right ear. She complained of general fatigue, weight loss, and insomnia, which led us to suspect comorbid depression. The clinical evaluation was conducted using self-administered questionnaires. The dizziness handicap inventory (DHI)9 score was 94 (physical, 24; emotional, 34; functional, 36), implying that she was suffering from severe dizziness. The hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS)10 score was 12 for anxiety and 15 for depression, suggesting that she was in a depressive state as well as a state of high anxiety. The patient's postural sway was recorded using static posturography.11 The total length of body sway over a period of 60 s was 166.08 cm with eyes open and 238.06 cm with eyes closed. The area of body sway over the same duration was 7.63 cm2 with eyes open and 9.86 cm2 with eyes closed.
On the basis of the questionnaire results, the treatment for depressive mood was considered to be an important issue before introducing vestibular rehabilitation to resolve a vestibular symptom of this patient. The antidepressant (miltazapiene, 7.5 mg/day) treatment was prescribed. Unfortunately, the patient was forced to stop the treatment owing to an adverse reaction to the medication. Substitute antidepressants (sertraline, 25 mg and sulpiride, 50 mg/day) were prescribed. This course of treatment was free of side effects and effective in addressing the patient's symptoms. Two weeks after starting this regimen, the patient reported an improvement in her clinical symptoms. With the aid of this pharmacotherapy, a program of vestibular rehabilitation was initiated to accelerate the patient's recovery. Four weeks later, the patient achieved a DHI score of 24 (physical, 8; emotional, 8; functional, 8)and HADS scores of 5 and 6, respectively. Her static posturography results improved as well: length of body sway for 60 s, 108.59 cm with eyes open and 148.56 cm with eyes closed; and area of body sway for 60 s, 8.09 cm2 with eyes open and 8.14 cm2 with eyes closed.
DISCUSSION
Patients with unrecognized depression who suffer from various somatic symptoms often consult with their physicians instead of visiting a psychiatrist, which results in the increased consumption of health care resources.12 Depressive disorders are substantially under-recognized in primary care clinics including otolaryngology and general hospital settings.13
It is truly difficult to treat somatic disorders that present in association with psychiatric problems such as depression. In this case, the suspected perilymph fistula and comorbid depression rendered an accurate assessment difficult.
The patient's previous clinical history suggested the possibility of a perilymph fistula,7 which was further supported by the marked postoperative resolution of most of her symptoms. CTP is a specific diagnosis marker for perilymph fistula; however, negative CTP results prevented a definitive diagnosis. It remains possible that the resolution of symptoms observed after the exploratory tympanotomy was a variant of the placebo effect.
The persistence of dizziness after the surgery suggested a comorbid condition. Weight loss, general fatigue, and insomnia are common symptoms of depression. The HADS results supported our clinical impression. Furthermore, the patient's mental health status prevented her from participating in vestibular rehabilitation.14 The prescribed course of treatment improved the patient's mood and allowed her to smoothly and effectively complete a course of vestibular rehabilitation. Interestingly, DHI scores and measures of psychological distress are closely related,15 which suggests a potential synergistic effect.
In conclusion, we report that it is important to evaluate not only physical symptoms but also possible psychological comorbidity, especially when the physical symptoms do not resolve even after relevant intervention and treatment.