Psychiatry Investig > Volume 18(9); 2021 > Article |
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Availability of Data and Material
The datasets generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Hye Rin Seo, So Hye Jo. Data curation: Hye Rin Seo, Hyun Seok Jung, Da Seul Jung, Jeong Won Choi. Formal analysis: Hyun Seok Jung, Hye Rin Seo. Investigation: all authors. Methodology: Hye Rin Seo, So Hye Jo, Hyun Seok Jung. Project administration: Hye Rin Seo, So Hye Jo. Supervision: So Hye Jo. Validation: So Hye Jo. Visualization: Hye Rin Seo, Hyun Seok Jung. Writing—original draft: Hye Rin Seo. Writing—review & editing: Hye Rin Seo, So Hye Jo.
Funding Statement
None.
Children (N=41) | Adolescents (N=106) | Caregivers (N=147) | Total (N=294) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
Age in years | 9.53 (2.82) | 15.41 (0.76) | 45.71 (9.60) | 29.98 (17.58) |
Gender (N [%]) | ||||
Male | 28 (68.29) | 45 (42.45) | 17 (11.56) | 90 (30.61) |
Female | 7 (17.07) | 42 (39.62) | 104 (70.74) | 153 (52.04) |
None* | 6 (14.63) | 19 (17.92) | 26 (17.69) | 51 (17.35) |
Education years | 3.34 (2.86) | 8.02 (0.52) | 10.95 (6.46) | 8.83 (5.97) |
Sleep (minutes) | ||||
Total sleep time | 555.88 (71.78) | 525.52 (158.66) | 500.67 (515.16) | 517.43 (377.03) |
Sleep latency | 30.73 (34.52) | 36.56 (3.85) | 29.03 (33.05) | 31.98 (39.61) |
Children (N=41) | Adolescents (N=106) | Caregivers (N=147) | t or F | p value† | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
Relationship change | |||||
Parents-child | 2.68 (1.38) | 2.42 (1.50)* | 2.41 (1.33)* | 0.642 | 0.527 |
Friends | 2.41 (1.39)* | 2.56 (1.45)* | 2.36 (1.27)* | 0.653 | 0.521 |
Siblings | 3.07 (0.68) | 3.20 (0.71)* | 0.604 | 0.439 | |
Marital | 2.97 (0.47) | ||||
Social | 2.86 (0.52)* |
Children (N=41) | Adolescents (N=106) | Caregivers (N=147) | p value† (period×group) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Outing time (minute) | ||||
Morning | 0.003 | |||
Before | 83.41 (148.72) | 81.37 (155.41) | 88.09 (167.31) | |
Recent | 23.41 (100.28)** | 14.72 (49.03)*** | 68.29 (158.47)*** | |
Afternoon | 0.243 | |||
Before | 107.80 (135.47) | 95.19 (131.49) | 110.40 (143.74) | |
Recent | 39.17 (63.39)** | 54.06 (94.47)** | 79.11 (134.18)** | |
Evening | 0.758 | |||
Before | 17.80 (41.62) | 33.40 (87.28) | 35.30 (91.41) | |
Recent | 1.46 (9.37)** | 17.64 (49.81)* | 25.64 (83.03) | |
Mobile phone usage time (minute) | ||||
Game | 0.061 | |||
Before | 46.34 (77.32) | 45.47 (80.10) | 9.80 (34.07) | |
Recent | 67.56 (97.31)* | 74.10 (168.09)* | 13.26 (46.86) | |
SNS | 0.584 | |||
Before | 5.85 (22.47) | 68.96 (124.84) | 30.74 (76.04) | |
Recent | 6.34 (22.56) | 64.34 (125.67) | 35.85 (100.59) | |
Video media | 0.138 | |||
Before | 71.46 (98.121) | 78.81 (140.76) | 31.76 (73.575) | |
Recent | 118.53 (156.32)* | 86.04 (138.74) | 48.23 (100.74)** | |
Others | 0.709 | |||
Before | 2.93 (13.09) | 20.38 (67.22) | 33.74 (66.02) | |
Recent | 6.46 (26.23) | 23.30 (82.12) | 32.51 (55.54) |
Children (N=41) | Adolescents (N=106) | Caregivers (N=147) | p value† (period×group) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Global | 0.098 | |||
Before | 26.83 (27.24) | 30.57 (27.73) | 34.83 (24.62) | |
Recent | 35.37 (27.49)* | 33.68 (28.02) | 43.59 (27.80)*** | |
Afraid | 0.023 | |||
Before | 1.98 (1.77) | 2.63 (4.98) | 2.16 (1.57) | |
Recent | 2.46 (1.75) | 2.50 (1.98) | 3.10 (1.98)*** | |
Confused | <0.001 | |||
Before | 1.98 (1.62) | 2.18 (1.90) | 2.12 (1.58) | |
Recent | 2.07 (1.63) | 2.51 (2.06)* | 3.03 (1.93)*** | |
Sad | 0.002 | |||
Before | 2.15 (1.67) | 2.50 (1.98) | 2.21 (1.58) | |
Recent | 2.34 (1.80)* | 2.65 (2.12) | 2.89 (2.06)*** | |
Angry | 0.025 | |||
Before | 2.68 (2.09) | 2.52 (2.02) | 2.29 (1.63) | |
Recent | 3.12 (2.20) | 2.78 (2.11)* | 3.01 (2.04)*** | |
Energetic | 0.211 | |||
Before | 3.66 (2.19) | 3.35 (2.13) | 3.26 (1.84) | |
Recent | 3.54 (1.95) | 2.86 (2.00)*** | 3.03 (1.67)* | |
Tired | 0.026 | |||
Before | 2.63 (1.97) | 3.31 (2.19) | 3.32 (1.93) | |
Recent | 2.90 (1.77) | 3.41 (2.28) | 3.87 (2.16)*** |
ED (N=71) | ID (N=45) | t | p value† | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
Relationship change | ||||
Parents-child | 2.39 (1.57)* | 2.76 (1.23) | -1.382 | 0.170 |
Friends | 2.49 (1.49)* | 2.76 (1.26) | -1.016 | 0.312 |
Siblings | 3.23 (0.73)* | 3.21 (0.69) | 0.176 | 0.861 |
ED (N=71) | ID (N=45) | p value† (group) | p value† (period×group) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
Global | 0.001 | 0.006 | ||
Before | 20.56 (23.48) | 42.22 (28.36) | ||
Recent | 30.70 (26.20)*** | 40.22 (28.00) | ||
Afraid | 0.021 | 0.138 | ||
Before | 1.85 (1.62) | 3.73 (7.29) | ||
Recent | 2.31 (1.94)** | 2.93 (1.85) | ||
Confused | 0.012 | 0.510 | ||
Before | 1.77 (1.63) | 2.71 (1.91) | ||
Recent | 2.17 (1.90)* | 2.96 (2.12) | ||
Sad | <0.001 | 0.188 | ||
Before | 1.94 (1.76) | 3.40 (1.84) | ||
Recent | 2.21 (1.97)* | 3.40 (1.97) | ||
Angry | 0.053 | 0.140 | ||
Before | 2.32 (2.01) | 3.24 (2.05) | ||
Recent | 2.83 (2.14)** | 3.38 (2.11) | ||
Energetic | 0.970 | 0.555 | ||
Before | 3.56 (2.33) | 3.47 (1.84) | ||
Recent | 3.04 (2.17)** | 3.11 (1.72) | ||
Tired | <0.001 | 0.926 | ||
Before | 2.54 (2.08) | 3.98 (1.86) | ||
Recent | 2.69 (2.03) | 4.16 (2.03) |